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<p>The aggregation of TiO<sub>2</sub> precursors affects the structural evolution and catalytic performance of sulfated titania, highlighting a relationship between microscale and macroscale reactivity. In the present work, the sulfated titania (TiO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) solid acid catalysts were synthesized through the impregnation approach using two different precursors, pre-aggregated TiO<sub>2</sub> (microscale) and molecular-scale Ti(OH)<sub>4</sub>. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH<sub>3</sub>-TPD). Their catalytic activity was tested in the transesterification reaction of ethyl acetate with n-butanol. The TiO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> derived from Ti(OH)<sub>4</sub> precursor exhibited a single-phase anatase structure with (92%) higher specific surface area (63.85 m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>− 1</sup> vs. 33.38 m<sup>2</sup>g<sup>− 1</sup>), smaller crystallite size (8.05&#xa0;nm), and higher catalytic conversion (70%) as compared to the catalyst prepared from pre-aggregated TiO<sub>2</sub>. These differences are attributed to variations in precursor aggregation, which influence crystallite growth, sulfate dispersion, and surface area acidity, thereby enhancing catalytic performance during transesterification. The present work establishes a link between TiO<sub>2</sub> precursor aggregation and the catalytic activity of TiO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>. The results demonstrate that the aggregation state of the TiO<sub>2</sub> precursor inherently governs the physicochemical characteristics and catalytic behavior of sulfated titania, providing a rational basis for tailoring solid acid catalysts for esterification and transesterification reactions.</p>

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Catalytic Performance of TiO2/SO₄²⁻ Prepared from TiO2 Precursors with Different Aggregation Scales in Transesterification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Khyrullah Khan,
  • Wei Wang,
  • Hongkai Tian,
  • Zhidong Chang,
  • Bin Dong,
  • Natnael Ghebretatios,
  • Kiran Rasheed,
  • Benard Otota

摘要

The aggregation of TiO2 precursors affects the structural evolution and catalytic performance of sulfated titania, highlighting a relationship between microscale and macroscale reactivity. In the present work, the sulfated titania (TiO2/SO42−) solid acid catalysts were synthesized through the impregnation approach using two different precursors, pre-aggregated TiO2 (microscale) and molecular-scale Ti(OH)4. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). Their catalytic activity was tested in the transesterification reaction of ethyl acetate with n-butanol. The TiO2/SO42− derived from Ti(OH)4 precursor exhibited a single-phase anatase structure with (92%) higher specific surface area (63.85 m2g− 1 vs. 33.38 m2g− 1), smaller crystallite size (8.05 nm), and higher catalytic conversion (70%) as compared to the catalyst prepared from pre-aggregated TiO2. These differences are attributed to variations in precursor aggregation, which influence crystallite growth, sulfate dispersion, and surface area acidity, thereby enhancing catalytic performance during transesterification. The present work establishes a link between TiO2 precursor aggregation and the catalytic activity of TiO2/SO42−. The results demonstrate that the aggregation state of the TiO2 precursor inherently governs the physicochemical characteristics and catalytic behavior of sulfated titania, providing a rational basis for tailoring solid acid catalysts for esterification and transesterification reactions.