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<p>Growing concern over carbofuran (CBF) contamination present in water bodies has increased the need for effective remediation strategies. Herein, CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles, Zn-BTC MOF (H<sub>3</sub>BTC; 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid), and CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Zn-BTC composite were successfully synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques to investigate physiochemical and electrochemical properties. These photocatalysts were subsequently employed for the CBF degradation in wastewater. The CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Zn-BTC composite degraded(96%) 20&#xa0;mg/L CBF in 90&#xa0;min under optimized conditions (0.01&#xa0;g/L catalyst loading, 7 pH, and light intensity 50&#xa0;W LED). The superoxide ions (·O<sub>2</sub>⁻) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were identified as the main oxidants, due to the strong interaction between CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and Zn-BTC, which promoted the separation of electrons and holes and increased the number of reactive sites. The photocatalytic activity remained stable in five successive cycles with a slight decrease in efficiency from 96% to 91%. When exposed to real pesticide effluent, total organic carbon (TOC) was reduced 69% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced 77%. A near complete detoxification of CBF was confirmed by Escherichia coli assays and degradation intermediates were identified by LC-MS, and a plausible reaction pathway was suggested. The results indicate that CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Zn-BTC is stable and effective photocatalyst for the removal of CBF from contaminated water.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Visible-Light-Activated CuFe2O4/Zn-BTC Photocatalyst for Efficient Mineralization and Detoxification of Carbofuran in Industrial Effluents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Zahid Mahmood,
  • Naseem Abbas,
  • Syed Ali Raza Naqvi,
  • M. Rehan H. Shah Gilani,
  • Fiaz Hussain,
  • Syed Kashif Ali,
  • Shahid Iqbal,
  • Sajid Mahmood,
  • Shaimaa A. M. Abdelmohsen,
  • Sadeem F. Alarfj

摘要

Growing concern over carbofuran (CBF) contamination present in water bodies has increased the need for effective remediation strategies. Herein, CuFe2O4 nanoparticles, Zn-BTC MOF (H3BTC; 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid), and CuFe2O4/Zn-BTC composite were successfully synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques to investigate physiochemical and electrochemical properties. These photocatalysts were subsequently employed for the CBF degradation in wastewater. The CuFe2O4/Zn-BTC composite degraded(96%) 20 mg/L CBF in 90 min under optimized conditions (0.01 g/L catalyst loading, 7 pH, and light intensity 50 W LED). The superoxide ions (·O2⁻) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were identified as the main oxidants, due to the strong interaction between CuFe2O4 and Zn-BTC, which promoted the separation of electrons and holes and increased the number of reactive sites. The photocatalytic activity remained stable in five successive cycles with a slight decrease in efficiency from 96% to 91%. When exposed to real pesticide effluent, total organic carbon (TOC) was reduced 69% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced 77%. A near complete detoxification of CBF was confirmed by Escherichia coli assays and degradation intermediates were identified by LC-MS, and a plausible reaction pathway was suggested. The results indicate that CuFe2O4/Zn-BTC is stable and effective photocatalyst for the removal of CBF from contaminated water.

Graphical Abstract