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<p>In the western region of Azerbaijan, grape seeds waste products from wine production at “GANJA SHARAB-2” were utilized as a raw material for biodiesel production as an alternative energy source. In this study, biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) was synthesized through transesterification reactions of grape seed oil in methanol, using catalysts prepared by modifying natural Aydag zeolite via impregnation with alkaline earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO). The natural and activated zeolite catalysts were tested under reaction conditions involving a 1:10 molar ratio of oil to methanol at temperatures of 200&#xa0;°C, 250&#xa0;°C, and 300&#xa0;°C for a duration of two hours. The transesterification reactions were carried out using 0.5&#xa0;g of each catalyst (natural zeolite; 5% SrO/zeolite; 5% MgO/zeolite; 5% CaO/zeolite). The physic and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods. Among the catalysts and reaction conditions evaluated, the highest triglyceride conversion rate (92.6%) and fatty acid methyl ester yield (98.9%) were achieved using the 5% CaO/zeolite catalyst at 300&#xa0;°C. Various physicochemical parameters of the obtained biodiesel were determined and their compliance with the international standard ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) was studied comparatively. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful conversion of grape seed oil into biodiesel through transesterification in the presence of activated zeolite catalysts.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Structure Activity Correlation of Modified Zeolite Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Aisha Suleymanova,
  • Gulbaniz Mukhtarova,
  • Muhammad Zafar,
  • Salman Majeed,
  • Saleh AlNadhari,
  • Adnan Amin

摘要

In the western region of Azerbaijan, grape seeds waste products from wine production at “GANJA SHARAB-2” were utilized as a raw material for biodiesel production as an alternative energy source. In this study, biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) was synthesized through transesterification reactions of grape seed oil in methanol, using catalysts prepared by modifying natural Aydag zeolite via impregnation with alkaline earth metal oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO). The natural and activated zeolite catalysts were tested under reaction conditions involving a 1:10 molar ratio of oil to methanol at temperatures of 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C for a duration of two hours. The transesterification reactions were carried out using 0.5 g of each catalyst (natural zeolite; 5% SrO/zeolite; 5% MgO/zeolite; 5% CaO/zeolite). The physic and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods. Among the catalysts and reaction conditions evaluated, the highest triglyceride conversion rate (92.6%) and fatty acid methyl ester yield (98.9%) were achieved using the 5% CaO/zeolite catalyst at 300 °C. Various physicochemical parameters of the obtained biodiesel were determined and their compliance with the international standard ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) was studied comparatively. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful conversion of grape seed oil into biodiesel through transesterification in the presence of activated zeolite catalysts.

Graphical Abstract