Enhanced the Catalytic Performance of CeO₂ by Tuning V⁵⁺ Doping Amount in Carbonylation of n-Butyl Amine with CO₂

CO₂ regeneration and reutilization is considered to be a green and effective route with highly potential for development. CeO₂ showed high catalytic activity for the production of N,N′-dibutylurea through n-butyl amine and CO₂. Herein, V-doped CeO₂ with different molar ratios of V/Ce (V_x%-CeO₂, x = 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) were further successfully synthesized and firstly applied to the reaction of CO₂ with n-butyl amine. The reaction results displayed the catalytic performance of CeO₂ were prominently enhanced by doping V⁵⁺ and followed an order of V_0.8%-CeO₂ > V_0.6%-CeO₂ > V_1.0%-CeO₂ > V_0.4%-CeO₂ > CeO₂. The reason for the changes in the catalytic activities of CeO₂ with different doping amounts of V⁵⁺ could be closely related to the surface oxygen vacancy and surface weak acidity and weak basicity based on specific analysis of relevant characterization including XRD, BET, Raman, XPS, EPR and NH₃/CO₂-TPD.