Evaluation of Three Shortwave Spectrum Representations on the Air-Sea Momentum Flux

Studies on the shortwave spectrum, namely short-gravity, gravity-capillary, and parasitic-capillary waves, reveal that spectrum representation may modify the estimate of momentum transport at the air-sea interface. However, in numerical simulations, the shortwave spectra are usually approximated by simplified formulations. The effect of three shortwave spectrum formulations on the momentum balance at the air-sea interface was quantitatively evaluated for light to high wind speeds and fully developed seas. In the simulations, the spectra considered were: (i) obtained by an extrapolated function, (ii) dependent on the wave age derived from the observations, and (iii) from the solution of the energy balance equation. Considering computational time, the second was the fastest. while the first and third the computational time increased, respectively, by approximately 2–7% and 15–30%, depending on the wind speed. Concerning the observations, the mean square slope, the coupling parameter, and the drag coefficient, the second and third formulations showed better agreement, while the first one showed a large discrepancy. The results highlighted the importance of shortwave formulations in the analysis of the interaction between wind and wave.