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<p>Increasing drug-facilitated crimes, mainly sexual assaults have intensified the necessity of accessible and efficient methods for club drugs detection especially in biological matrices and beverages that are served at parties and clubs. The recent development of 3D printing technology has markedly accelerated. One prominent application is the fabrication of wearable electrochemical sensors for the selective and sensitive detection of club drugs such as amphetamine. This class of drug is used as a stimulant in the treatment of conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Monitoring amphetamine type drugs level in human body is critical due to the risks associated with its possible misuses and related health concerns. By employing the use of 3D printing, makers can create complex and customized sensors specially intended for drug detection. This compliance facilitates integrating diverse type of sensors, thereby improving detection accuracy also. Conventional diagnostic methods are frequently labor-intensive and time-consuming, positioning 3D printed sensors as an innovative approach for real-time monitoring applications. Integrating 3D printing technology in sensor development holds significant potential to transform personalized healthcare by enabling accurate, rapid, and safe detection of amphetamine. This novel study shows the development of a screen-printed paper based electrochemical device with a 3D printed wristband cassette design named “3DP-PWC”. This 3D printed paper based wristband cassette (3DP-PWC) features modified electrodes with amphetamine binding aptamer and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). For electrochemical study, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used and further validated the sensor’s performance. Developed sensor demonstrated versatility across various beverage types (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and biological matrices such as synthetic urine. The developed sensor achieved a low detection limit (LOD) of ~0.02&#xa0;μg/mL with a linear range between 0.01 to 7&#xa0;μg/mL. Promising results were obtained at an optimum response time of approximately 25&#xa0;seconds.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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“A nano-enabled screen-printed paper-based electrochemical device with a 3D-printed wristband cassette design for selective and real-time detection of club drug amphetamine in complex matrices”

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月26日

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  • Nigar Anzar,
  • Shariq Suleman,
  • Suhel Parvez,
  • Jagriti Narang

摘要

Increasing drug-facilitated crimes, mainly sexual assaults have intensified the necessity of accessible and efficient methods for club drugs detection especially in biological matrices and beverages that are served at parties and clubs. The recent development of 3D printing technology has markedly accelerated. One prominent application is the fabrication of wearable electrochemical sensors for the selective and sensitive detection of club drugs such as amphetamine. This class of drug is used as a stimulant in the treatment of conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Monitoring amphetamine type drugs level in human body is critical due to the risks associated with its possible misuses and related health concerns. By employing the use of 3D printing, makers can create complex and customized sensors specially intended for drug detection. This compliance facilitates integrating diverse type of sensors, thereby improving detection accuracy also. Conventional diagnostic methods are frequently labor-intensive and time-consuming, positioning 3D printed sensors as an innovative approach for real-time monitoring applications. Integrating 3D printing technology in sensor development holds significant potential to transform personalized healthcare by enabling accurate, rapid, and safe detection of amphetamine. This novel study shows the development of a screen-printed paper based electrochemical device with a 3D printed wristband cassette design named “3DP-PWC”. This 3D printed paper based wristband cassette (3DP-PWC) features modified electrodes with amphetamine binding aptamer and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). For electrochemical study, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used and further validated the sensor’s performance. Developed sensor demonstrated versatility across various beverage types (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) and biological matrices such as synthetic urine. The developed sensor achieved a low detection limit (LOD) of ~0.02 μg/mL with a linear range between 0.01 to 7 μg/mL. Promising results were obtained at an optimum response time of approximately 25 seconds.

Graphical abstract