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<p>Trace metal ions regulate enzymatic catalysis, redox homeostasis, and xenobiotic metabolism across biological systems. This article examines the role of metal ions in governing sesquiterpene biosynthesis and redox signalling in <i>Santalum album</i> from a bioinorganic perspective. Current evidence in this review indicates that the formation of α- and β-santalol depends on magnesium-coordinated terpene synthases and iron-containing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. In these systems, Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺ stabilizes diphosphate leaving groups during carbocation formation, while heme-bound Fe mediates oxygen activation and regioselective hydroxylation. Variations in Mg<sup>2</sup>⁺ and Fe availability may influence metabolic flux through the mevalonate pathway and alter essential oil composition. In addition, trace metals including Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, and Mg regulate antioxidant defence systems, mitochondrial respiration, apoptosis signalling, and inflammatory pathways that intersect with reported biological effects of santalol. Toxic elements such as Pb and Cd can disrupt metalloprotein function and are subject to regulatory limits under ICH Q3D guidelines. Analytical approaches including ICP-MS and laser ablation ICP-MS provide quantitative and spatial insight into elemental distribution in plant tissues. Integration of metallomic data with biochemical and molecular evidence offers a framework for understanding metal-dependent regulation of plant secondary metabolism.</p>

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Metal dependent regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis and redox signalling in Santalum album

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • P. Ravi Raja Simman,
  • A. Balasubramanian,
  • B. Sivakumar,
  • Balaji Kannan,
  • K. P. Ragunath,
  • P. Rajendran,
  • P. Hemalatha,
  • S. Navaneetha Krishnan,
  • R. Adithiyan,
  • S. Ashwin Kumar,
  • R. V. Sundarrajan

摘要

Trace metal ions regulate enzymatic catalysis, redox homeostasis, and xenobiotic metabolism across biological systems. This article examines the role of metal ions in governing sesquiterpene biosynthesis and redox signalling in Santalum album from a bioinorganic perspective. Current evidence in this review indicates that the formation of α- and β-santalol depends on magnesium-coordinated terpene synthases and iron-containing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. In these systems, Mg2⁺ stabilizes diphosphate leaving groups during carbocation formation, while heme-bound Fe mediates oxygen activation and regioselective hydroxylation. Variations in Mg2⁺ and Fe availability may influence metabolic flux through the mevalonate pathway and alter essential oil composition. In addition, trace metals including Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, and Mg regulate antioxidant defence systems, mitochondrial respiration, apoptosis signalling, and inflammatory pathways that intersect with reported biological effects of santalol. Toxic elements such as Pb and Cd can disrupt metalloprotein function and are subject to regulatory limits under ICH Q3D guidelines. Analytical approaches including ICP-MS and laser ablation ICP-MS provide quantitative and spatial insight into elemental distribution in plant tissues. Integration of metallomic data with biochemical and molecular evidence offers a framework for understanding metal-dependent regulation of plant secondary metabolism.