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<p>Nano-Fe forms could serve as novel fertilizers that can enhance Fe bioavailability. In this study, we synthesized magnetite nanoparticles and complexed nano-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with glycine, aspartic acid, and arginine. After synthesis, the amino acid-functionalized Fe-nanoparticles (nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Gly, nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Asp, and nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Arg) were sprayed (75 and 150&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>) on okra [<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> (L.) Moench] plants, and changes in growth, biochemical traits, and their role in agronomic biofortification were investigated during a field experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). It was found that foliar application of these nanoparticles significantly enhanced okra biomass, and the most effective was nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Gly at 75&#xa0;mg/L, which enhanced shoot dry weight (+ 70.1%), number of leaves (+ 30.2%), leaf area (+ 48.3%), and number of branches (+ 55.6%) compared to the control. Moreover, foliar treatments positively influenced soluble proteins (up to 1.8&#xa0;mg/g FW; + 44.4% than control) and free amino acids (up to 1.52&#xa0;mg/g DW; + 57.8%). Most importantly, Fe concentrations in leaves and okra fruits substantially increased, indicating prominent Fe biofortification. After all, three harvests, okra fruits exhibited up to 0.71&#xa0;mg/g DW (+ 50.7% than control). Overall, nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Arg was the most effective for Fe biofortification of okra fruits at a concentration of 75&#xa0;mg/L. In contrast, the yield per plant was enhanced by both nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Arg and nFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Asp. In summary, this study demonstrated the potential of amino acid-functionalized Fe nanoparticles in improving growth and Fe bioavailability in okra, offering a promising avenue for addressing Fe deficiency in crops.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Amino acid-modified nano-magnetite boosts okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] yield and iron enrichment for improved nutrition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月30日

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  • Maham Ishfaq,
  • Fahad Shafiq,
  • Sumera Anwar,
  • Muhammad Iqbal,
  • Syed Hammad Raza,
  • Arslan Mahmood,
  • Muhammad Ashraf

摘要

Nano-Fe forms could serve as novel fertilizers that can enhance Fe bioavailability. In this study, we synthesized magnetite nanoparticles and complexed nano-Fe3O4 with glycine, aspartic acid, and arginine. After synthesis, the amino acid-functionalized Fe-nanoparticles (nFe3O4-Gly, nFe3O4-Asp, and nFe3O4-Arg) were sprayed (75 and 150 mg L−1) on okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] plants, and changes in growth, biochemical traits, and their role in agronomic biofortification were investigated during a field experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). It was found that foliar application of these nanoparticles significantly enhanced okra biomass, and the most effective was nFe3O4-Gly at 75 mg/L, which enhanced shoot dry weight (+ 70.1%), number of leaves (+ 30.2%), leaf area (+ 48.3%), and number of branches (+ 55.6%) compared to the control. Moreover, foliar treatments positively influenced soluble proteins (up to 1.8 mg/g FW; + 44.4% than control) and free amino acids (up to 1.52 mg/g DW; + 57.8%). Most importantly, Fe concentrations in leaves and okra fruits substantially increased, indicating prominent Fe biofortification. After all, three harvests, okra fruits exhibited up to 0.71 mg/g DW (+ 50.7% than control). Overall, nFe3O4-Arg was the most effective for Fe biofortification of okra fruits at a concentration of 75 mg/L. In contrast, the yield per plant was enhanced by both nFe3O4-Arg and nFe3O4-Asp. In summary, this study demonstrated the potential of amino acid-functionalized Fe nanoparticles in improving growth and Fe bioavailability in okra, offering a promising avenue for addressing Fe deficiency in crops.

Graphical abstract