Chromium-histidine complex enhances reproductive physiology and development in Drosophila melanogaster by modulating oxidative stress

The interaction of metal ions with biological systems plays a critical role in cellular functions, including oxidative stress regulation and metabolic health. This study aimed to explore the effects of the chromium-histidine complex [Cr(hist)₃] on reproductive success, developmental processes, and oxidative stress defence in Drosophila melanogaster. Wild-type D. melanogaster flies were exposed to Cr(hist)₃ at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 µg/ml, and physiological parameters—including fecundity, fertility, developmental timelines, and antioxidant enzyme activity—were measured. Our results indicate that Cr(hist)₃ at 15 µg/ml optimally enhanced reproductive health and developmental efficiency. Specifically, fecundity and fertility increased by 15.6% and 15.5%, respectively, and egg-to-adult viability improved by 15.6% compared to controls. Developmental timelines were shortened, with larval and pupal periods reduced by 7.6% and 7.1%. Additionally, Cr(hist)₃ treatment led to a significant downregulation of lipid peroxidation (MDA) by 17.54% and upregulation in antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase), indicating improved cellular defence against oxidative damage. Flies treated with 15 µg/ml Cr(hist)₃₃ also exhibited a 9.7% increase in lifespan. These findings suggest that Cr(hist)₃ enhances reproductive success and developmental dynamics through oxidative stress regulation, highlighting its potential for applications in insect health and stress management. This study contributes to the understanding of metal ion interactions in biological systems and their physiological effects.