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<p>The synergistic effect of caffeic, jasmonic and salicylic acids and abscisic acid was highly effective in reducing the phytotoxic effect of Ni in isabgol plants by promoting growth, physiological processes and nutrient metabolism. This study was necessitated by the need to formulate an effective plan to make plants more tolerant to heavy metal-contaminated soil. The experiment was performed in a pot test using a completely randomized design with four replications. Nickel stress (100&#xa0;mg/kg soil) significantly reduced root length (49.49%), shoot length (44.59%), root fresh weight (60.05%), shoot fresh weight (55.85%) and chlorophyll content (52.66%) compared to the unstressed control. The synergistic application of caffeic acid (1&#xa0;mM), jasmonic acid (100&#xa0;µM), salicylic acid (1&#xa0;mM) and abscisic acid (50&#xa0;µM) significantly mitigated these effects, increasing root length, shoot length by 21%1%, root fresh weight by 97%7% and shoot fresh weight by 59%9%, 21%1%, 97%7% and 45.31%, respectively, relative to the Ni-stressed control. This treatment also enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (31.98%), peroxidase (46.24%), catalase (35.98%), ascorbate peroxidase (73.39%), glutathione peroxidase (62.94%) and glutathione reductase (64.76%), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (48.57%), anthocyanins (64.40%), β-cyanin (27.83%), β-xanthin (42.13%), phenolic content (33.51%) and flavonoid content (38.70%). It also reduced Ni accumulation in roots, shoots and seeds by 33.72%, 36.31% and 49.69%, respectively, while improving the uptake of essential nutrients, such as Fe (30.66%), Mn (35.52%), Zn (32.98%) and N (14.99%). Photosynthetic efficiency, membrane stability and relative water content were also restored, leading to a 51.16% increase in seed yield. The synergistic interaction of these compounds enhances stress signaling, redox balance and metabolic regulation more effectively than their individual applications. Therefore, the combined exogenous application of caffeic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic and abscisic acid is recommended as a sustainable strategy to improve Isabgol production in nickel-contaminated environments.</p>

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Synergistic phytohormone crosstalk enhances nickel detoxification, antioxidant defense and yield in isabgol (Plantago ovata)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Hassan Mehmood,
  • Ghulam Murtaza,
  • Sajad Ali,
  • Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd,
  • Hanan M. Alharbi,
  • Mohammad K. Alharbi,
  • Javed Iqbal,
  • Shabir Ahmad,
  • Dilfuza Jabborova,
  • Rashid Iqbal

摘要

The synergistic effect of caffeic, jasmonic and salicylic acids and abscisic acid was highly effective in reducing the phytotoxic effect of Ni in isabgol plants by promoting growth, physiological processes and nutrient metabolism. This study was necessitated by the need to formulate an effective plan to make plants more tolerant to heavy metal-contaminated soil. The experiment was performed in a pot test using a completely randomized design with four replications. Nickel stress (100 mg/kg soil) significantly reduced root length (49.49%), shoot length (44.59%), root fresh weight (60.05%), shoot fresh weight (55.85%) and chlorophyll content (52.66%) compared to the unstressed control. The synergistic application of caffeic acid (1 mM), jasmonic acid (100 µM), salicylic acid (1 mM) and abscisic acid (50 µM) significantly mitigated these effects, increasing root length, shoot length by 21%1%, root fresh weight by 97%7% and shoot fresh weight by 59%9%, 21%1%, 97%7% and 45.31%, respectively, relative to the Ni-stressed control. This treatment also enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (31.98%), peroxidase (46.24%), catalase (35.98%), ascorbate peroxidase (73.39%), glutathione peroxidase (62.94%) and glutathione reductase (64.76%), as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (48.57%), anthocyanins (64.40%), β-cyanin (27.83%), β-xanthin (42.13%), phenolic content (33.51%) and flavonoid content (38.70%). It also reduced Ni accumulation in roots, shoots and seeds by 33.72%, 36.31% and 49.69%, respectively, while improving the uptake of essential nutrients, such as Fe (30.66%), Mn (35.52%), Zn (32.98%) and N (14.99%). Photosynthetic efficiency, membrane stability and relative water content were also restored, leading to a 51.16% increase in seed yield. The synergistic interaction of these compounds enhances stress signaling, redox balance and metabolic regulation more effectively than their individual applications. Therefore, the combined exogenous application of caffeic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic and abscisic acid is recommended as a sustainable strategy to improve Isabgol production in nickel-contaminated environments.