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<p>Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.), a vital global staple, suffers substantial yield losses under concurrent salinity and drought stress—two major constraints to sustainable agriculture and food security. This study, conducted at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, evaluated the individual and combined effects of gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>) and biochar (BC) on wheat performance under salinity (2.43 and 5.11 dS&#xa0;m⁻<sup>1</sup>) and drought stress (35% field capacity). A completely randomized design with sixteen treatment combinations was employed in triplicate. Compared with the stressed control (no amendments), the combined application of GA<sub>3</sub> and BC significantly improved germination rate by 8.8% under salinity stress and by 8% under drought stress. Shoot and root lengths under salinity stress increased by 43% and 41%, respectively, and under drought stress by 34% and 30%. Shoot and root fresh weights were enhanced under salinity by 23% and 14%, respectively, and under drought stress by 12% and 3.3%. Relative water content increased under salinity from 52.49% to 61.26% and under drought from 62.54% to 66.96%. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents were also elevated, with carotenoids increasing by 39% under salinity and 85% under drought, reflecting improved photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection. These findings demonstrate a synergistic effect of GA<sub>3</sub> and BC in enhancing wheat tolerance to salinity and drought stress through improved water retention, pigment stability, and early seedling vigor. The integration of these eco-friendly amendments offers a promising, sustainable strategy to improve wheat resilience and productivity in stress-prone environments, contributing to long-term food security.</p>

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Biochar and GA3-mediated enhancement of wheat performance under combined salinity and drought: physiological and biochemical insights for resilient agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月2日

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  • Tauseef Anwar,
  • Huma Qureshi,
  • Hossam S. El-Beltagi,
  • Alisher Shokirov,
  • Nargiza Khudoyberdiyeva,
  • Akhtam Nurniyazov,
  • Oybek Mamarakhimov,
  • Nazih Y. Rebouh,
  • Maryam M. Alomran,
  • Ibtisam M. Alsudays,
  • Khalid H. Alamer,
  • Dilrabo Kodirova,
  • Shavkat Durxadjayev,
  • Gamal Awad El-Shaboury

摘要

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a vital global staple, suffers substantial yield losses under concurrent salinity and drought stress—two major constraints to sustainable agriculture and food security. This study, conducted at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, evaluated the individual and combined effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and biochar (BC) on wheat performance under salinity (2.43 and 5.11 dS m⁻1) and drought stress (35% field capacity). A completely randomized design with sixteen treatment combinations was employed in triplicate. Compared with the stressed control (no amendments), the combined application of GA3 and BC significantly improved germination rate by 8.8% under salinity stress and by 8% under drought stress. Shoot and root lengths under salinity stress increased by 43% and 41%, respectively, and under drought stress by 34% and 30%. Shoot and root fresh weights were enhanced under salinity by 23% and 14%, respectively, and under drought stress by 12% and 3.3%. Relative water content increased under salinity from 52.49% to 61.26% and under drought from 62.54% to 66.96%. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents were also elevated, with carotenoids increasing by 39% under salinity and 85% under drought, reflecting improved photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotection. These findings demonstrate a synergistic effect of GA3 and BC in enhancing wheat tolerance to salinity and drought stress through improved water retention, pigment stability, and early seedling vigor. The integration of these eco-friendly amendments offers a promising, sustainable strategy to improve wheat resilience and productivity in stress-prone environments, contributing to long-term food security.