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<p>Conflicts between wildlife and humans, particularly among residents living within and adjacent protected areas, represent a pervasive global conservation challenge. Effectively addressing these conflicts has become a critical issue for both biodiversity conservation and regional sustainable development. The establishment of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park has significantly promoted the population recovery of Amur tigers (<i>Panthera tigris altaica</i>), Amur leopards (<i>Panthera pardus orientalis</i>), and other sympatric species. However, wildlife population growth has been accompanied by a significant increase in crop-raiding incidents by ungulates, posing a dual challenge to local livelihoods and conservation management. To quantify these risks and identify their drivers, our study focuses on the Hunchun River Basin within Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, which includes 25 administrative villages across three town. By integrating UAV remote sensing and camera trap monitoring, with generalized linear models (GLMs) and maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt), to systematically quantify economic losses caused by wildlife-related incidents, we also analyzed spatio-temporal patterns of human-wildlife conflict; revealed the driving factors of crop damage extent; and mapped high- and low-risk regions for human-wildlife conflict across the study area. The results showed that: (1) In 2024, the areas of soybean and maize damaged by wildlife in the Hunchun River Basin reached 38.08&#xa0;ha and 43.58&#xa0;ha, respectively, with direct economic losses estimated between 801,500 and 1,217,600 CNY; human-wildlife conflict exhibited distinct seasonal patterns and spatial heterogeneity. (2) Conflict species show a typical nocturnal pattern, avoiding peak daytime human activity and entering farmland to forage during the late-night hours. (3) Fencing, distance from forest edges, and forest Aspect were key factors influencing the extent of crop damage. The northeastern part of the study area was high-risk area for human-wildlife conflict, requiring priority management and control. Our study innovatively proposes a high-precision, scalable approach for quantifying human-wildlife conflict, effectively addressing the inherent subjectivity limitations of traditional questionnaire surveys. It provides a scientific basis for predicting and precisely mitigating human-wildlife conflict risks in the study area. At the same time, our study contributes to addressing the core issue of ‘human-wildlife coexistence’ in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park and offers both theoretical and practical support for the long-term stability of the social–nature system in protected areas.</p>

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Balancing biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods: Assessing human-wildlife conflict risks through UAV and camera trap in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Ying Yue,
  • Xiaoyan Liu,
  • Yutong Zhang,
  • Yiwen Ma,
  • Mengyu Tan,
  • Weihua Xu,
  • Song Wang,
  • Limin Feng

摘要

Conflicts between wildlife and humans, particularly among residents living within and adjacent protected areas, represent a pervasive global conservation challenge. Effectively addressing these conflicts has become a critical issue for both biodiversity conservation and regional sustainable development. The establishment of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park has significantly promoted the population recovery of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica), Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis), and other sympatric species. However, wildlife population growth has been accompanied by a significant increase in crop-raiding incidents by ungulates, posing a dual challenge to local livelihoods and conservation management. To quantify these risks and identify their drivers, our study focuses on the Hunchun River Basin within Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, which includes 25 administrative villages across three town. By integrating UAV remote sensing and camera trap monitoring, with generalized linear models (GLMs) and maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt), to systematically quantify economic losses caused by wildlife-related incidents, we also analyzed spatio-temporal patterns of human-wildlife conflict; revealed the driving factors of crop damage extent; and mapped high- and low-risk regions for human-wildlife conflict across the study area. The results showed that: (1) In 2024, the areas of soybean and maize damaged by wildlife in the Hunchun River Basin reached 38.08 ha and 43.58 ha, respectively, with direct economic losses estimated between 801,500 and 1,217,600 CNY; human-wildlife conflict exhibited distinct seasonal patterns and spatial heterogeneity. (2) Conflict species show a typical nocturnal pattern, avoiding peak daytime human activity and entering farmland to forage during the late-night hours. (3) Fencing, distance from forest edges, and forest Aspect were key factors influencing the extent of crop damage. The northeastern part of the study area was high-risk area for human-wildlife conflict, requiring priority management and control. Our study innovatively proposes a high-precision, scalable approach for quantifying human-wildlife conflict, effectively addressing the inherent subjectivity limitations of traditional questionnaire surveys. It provides a scientific basis for predicting and precisely mitigating human-wildlife conflict risks in the study area. At the same time, our study contributes to addressing the core issue of ‘human-wildlife coexistence’ in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park and offers both theoretical and practical support for the long-term stability of the social–nature system in protected areas.