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<p>The abandonment of paddy fields reduces biodiversity, and farmland abandonment will likely increase as rural area populations decrease and age. Fallow field biotopes are used for conserving biodiversity under these conditions. We aimed to identify effective landscape-level approaches for conserving aquatic insect diversity in biotopes. We examined how surrounding land use within multiple buffer zones influenced aquatic insect diversity (Odonata, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera) and diving beetle abundance. We surveyed 42 biotopes in Japan over four seasons. In spring, higher paddy-type diversity within a 1000&#xa0;m radius increased aquatic insect diversity. In contrast, individual paddy-type cover had limited effects, suggesting that landscape heterogeneity—reflecting variation in flooding periods and agrochemical use—plays a more important role than any single management type. In autumn, aquatic insect diversity showed a hump-shaped relationship with forest cover within a 1000&#xa0;m radius of the biotope, peaking at intermediate forest levels. This pattern likely reflects a balance between forest-associated resource use and open-habitat requirements. The effective spatial scales seasonally varied, supporting the hypothesis that aquatic insect communities are influenced by the wider landscape structure from spring to autumn than in winter. We also found that environmental factors, including high vegetation cover in summer and invasive predators, reduce aquatic insect diversity. Our results indicate that conservation strategies should adopt season-specific management rather than uniform annual approaches. Maintaining moderate forest cover and high paddy-type diversity within approximately 1000&#xa0;m of biotopes is essential for conserving aquatic insect diversity and diving beetle populations in paddy landscapes.</p>

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Seasonal and scale-dependent effects of paddy-type diversity and forest cover on aquatic insect diversity in fallow field biotopes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Reiya Watanabe,
  • Shin-ya Ohba,
  • Shiro Sagawa

摘要

The abandonment of paddy fields reduces biodiversity, and farmland abandonment will likely increase as rural area populations decrease and age. Fallow field biotopes are used for conserving biodiversity under these conditions. We aimed to identify effective landscape-level approaches for conserving aquatic insect diversity in biotopes. We examined how surrounding land use within multiple buffer zones influenced aquatic insect diversity (Odonata, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera) and diving beetle abundance. We surveyed 42 biotopes in Japan over four seasons. In spring, higher paddy-type diversity within a 1000 m radius increased aquatic insect diversity. In contrast, individual paddy-type cover had limited effects, suggesting that landscape heterogeneity—reflecting variation in flooding periods and agrochemical use—plays a more important role than any single management type. In autumn, aquatic insect diversity showed a hump-shaped relationship with forest cover within a 1000 m radius of the biotope, peaking at intermediate forest levels. This pattern likely reflects a balance between forest-associated resource use and open-habitat requirements. The effective spatial scales seasonally varied, supporting the hypothesis that aquatic insect communities are influenced by the wider landscape structure from spring to autumn than in winter. We also found that environmental factors, including high vegetation cover in summer and invasive predators, reduce aquatic insect diversity. Our results indicate that conservation strategies should adopt season-specific management rather than uniform annual approaches. Maintaining moderate forest cover and high paddy-type diversity within approximately 1000 m of biotopes is essential for conserving aquatic insect diversity and diving beetle populations in paddy landscapes.