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<p>Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a vital cereal crop, providing a substantial proportion of global dietary calories and protein. However, climate variability, including heat stress, drought, and irregular rainfall, poses serious challenges to wheat production, particularly in regions vulnerable to food insecurity. Enhancing genetic diversity is therefore essential for improving adaptability and resilience. Nevertheless, intensive selection for high-yielding cultivars has narrowed the genetic base of modern wheat, limiting its capacity to cope with environmental stresses. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 40 Egyptian wheat genotypes collected from different agro-climatic zones using an integrated molecular marker approach based on simple sequence repeats (SSR), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE-AFLP). Genetic diversity was evaluated using ten SSR primers, ten ISSR primers, and three CE-AFLP primer combinations. Polymorphism levels and polymorphism information content (PIC) were calculated to assess marker informativeness. Genetic relationships among genotypes were inferred using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and UPGMA cluster analysis to investigate patterns of genetic structuring in relation to agro-climatic origin. SSR markers generated 41 alleles, of which 35 were polymorphic (85.37%), with a mean PIC value of 0.349. ISSR primers produced 124 bands, including 84 polymorphic loci, corresponding to an overall polymorphism level of 67.74% and a mean PIC of 0.368. CE-AFLP analysis yielded 1080 fragments, of which 99.81% were polymorphic, with a mean PIC of 0.331, reflecting high genome-wide resolution. UPGMA clustering consistently resolved the wheat genotypes into distinct major genetic groups that largely corresponded to their agro-climatic zones of origin, indicating the influence of environmental adaptation on genetic structure. The combined application of SSR, ISSR, and CE-AFLP markers provides a robust and complementary framework for assessing genetic diversity in wheat. The high levels of polymorphism detected across marker systems highlight the richness of genetic variation within Egyptian wheat landraces. Although the study is limited to molecular marker-based analyses without direct genotype-phenotype associations, the generated diversity information offers valuable baseline data to support wheat germplasm conservation and the strategic selection of genetically diverse materials for future breeding programs under changing climatic conditions.</p>

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Molecular marker based assessment of wheat biodiversity for conservation and sustainable breeding

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Mohammed Alqurashi,
  • Salman Aloufi,
  • Doha A. Albalawi,
  • Amenah S. Al-otaibi,
  • Basmah M. Alharbi,
  • Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr,
  • Hanan Khalaf Anazi,
  • Siham M. AL-Balawi,
  • Shafik D. Ibrahim,
  • Wasima Al-Shammari,
  • Dalal Alenizi,
  • Ahmed F. Abd El-Hakim

摘要

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a vital cereal crop, providing a substantial proportion of global dietary calories and protein. However, climate variability, including heat stress, drought, and irregular rainfall, poses serious challenges to wheat production, particularly in regions vulnerable to food insecurity. Enhancing genetic diversity is therefore essential for improving adaptability and resilience. Nevertheless, intensive selection for high-yielding cultivars has narrowed the genetic base of modern wheat, limiting its capacity to cope with environmental stresses. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 40 Egyptian wheat genotypes collected from different agro-climatic zones using an integrated molecular marker approach based on simple sequence repeats (SSR), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE-AFLP). Genetic diversity was evaluated using ten SSR primers, ten ISSR primers, and three CE-AFLP primer combinations. Polymorphism levels and polymorphism information content (PIC) were calculated to assess marker informativeness. Genetic relationships among genotypes were inferred using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and UPGMA cluster analysis to investigate patterns of genetic structuring in relation to agro-climatic origin. SSR markers generated 41 alleles, of which 35 were polymorphic (85.37%), with a mean PIC value of 0.349. ISSR primers produced 124 bands, including 84 polymorphic loci, corresponding to an overall polymorphism level of 67.74% and a mean PIC of 0.368. CE-AFLP analysis yielded 1080 fragments, of which 99.81% were polymorphic, with a mean PIC of 0.331, reflecting high genome-wide resolution. UPGMA clustering consistently resolved the wheat genotypes into distinct major genetic groups that largely corresponded to their agro-climatic zones of origin, indicating the influence of environmental adaptation on genetic structure. The combined application of SSR, ISSR, and CE-AFLP markers provides a robust and complementary framework for assessing genetic diversity in wheat. The high levels of polymorphism detected across marker systems highlight the richness of genetic variation within Egyptian wheat landraces. Although the study is limited to molecular marker-based analyses without direct genotype-phenotype associations, the generated diversity information offers valuable baseline data to support wheat germplasm conservation and the strategic selection of genetically diverse materials for future breeding programs under changing climatic conditions.