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<p>Standardized protocols for monitoring bat assemblages in caves are crucial to achieving the completeness of bat diversity and producing comparable datasets between caves and across timescales. These datasets assist biologists in understanding the bat cave population dynamics, especially in areas affected by mining activities. We assessed the efficiency of methods for bat cave monitoring, and we conducted experiments to test the optimal placement of recorders in the cave, if necessary, the deployment of recorders in each cave entrance, and to assess the minimum seasonal survey effort required to sample bat species richness. Eighteen bat species were recorded using active sampling, and nine species and two acoustic complexes were identified using passive sampling. Combined active and passive methods achieve the highest species richness compared to the sole use of methods. While only 2.5 ultrasound recording nights in each cave were necessary for the acoustic method, the minimum sampling effort to reach 90% inventory completeness for the combined methods was 6.4 events in the wet season. The optimal placement of a recorder aiming only at cave roosting species was inside the entrance of a cave (perpendicular to the entrance). For caves that have more than one entrances, sampling in all entrances achieved higher species richness than sampling in one entrance. The acoustic method provides a simple approach to monitoring inter-year population dynamics and can be easily implemented inside the caves. Capturing methods combined with acoustic monitoring are recommended to ensure taxonomic validation as some species cannot be identified acoustically, especially in the neotropics.</p>

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Using active and passive methods to monitor cave-dwelling bats in Amazonian caves

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月11日

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  • Giulliana Appel,
  • Patrício Adriano da Rocha,
  • Pablo Vieira Cerqueira,
  • Thayse Cristine Melo Benathar,
  • Tereza Cristina Giannini,
  • Mariane Soares Ribeiro Pereira,
  • Xavier Prous,
  • Valéria da Cunha Tavares,
  • Leonardo Carreira Trevelin

摘要

Standardized protocols for monitoring bat assemblages in caves are crucial to achieving the completeness of bat diversity and producing comparable datasets between caves and across timescales. These datasets assist biologists in understanding the bat cave population dynamics, especially in areas affected by mining activities. We assessed the efficiency of methods for bat cave monitoring, and we conducted experiments to test the optimal placement of recorders in the cave, if necessary, the deployment of recorders in each cave entrance, and to assess the minimum seasonal survey effort required to sample bat species richness. Eighteen bat species were recorded using active sampling, and nine species and two acoustic complexes were identified using passive sampling. Combined active and passive methods achieve the highest species richness compared to the sole use of methods. While only 2.5 ultrasound recording nights in each cave were necessary for the acoustic method, the minimum sampling effort to reach 90% inventory completeness for the combined methods was 6.4 events in the wet season. The optimal placement of a recorder aiming only at cave roosting species was inside the entrance of a cave (perpendicular to the entrance). For caves that have more than one entrances, sampling in all entrances achieved higher species richness than sampling in one entrance. The acoustic method provides a simple approach to monitoring inter-year population dynamics and can be easily implemented inside the caves. Capturing methods combined with acoustic monitoring are recommended to ensure taxonomic validation as some species cannot be identified acoustically, especially in the neotropics.