Benefits and burdens: perceiving the impact of non-indigenous black mussel (Mytella strigata) on ecosystem services and human well-being in Panguil Bay, Philippines

As an emerging invasive species, the black mussel Mytella strigata has been recognized for its adverse ecological impacts, such as biofouling and negative effects on shellfish aquaculture. This study examined perceptions and responses from eight key stakeholder groups directly affected by M. strigata in Panguil Bay, Philippines. We also quantified its effects on human well-being (safety, material goods, social practices, health) and ecosystem services (biodiversity, aesthetics, water quality, livelihood, and food sources). Affected stakeholders were primarily young to middle-aged married adults with at least a high school education, living in households of 4 to 6 members. They identified various impacts of M. strigata, including biofouling and financial setbacks, as well as benefits like additional food sources and increased income. Responses ranged from manual removal to exploring alternative livelihoods. Stakeholders acknowledged significant negative effects on human well-being and ecosystem services, reflecting shifts in priorities based on direct interactions with bay resources. The limited use of M. strigata as food, aquaculture feed, and bait was noted, with varying local preferences regarding consumption and sale. Stakeholders recommended livelihood training, removal/control initiatives, market development, awareness campaigns, and policy support to address M. strigata challenges. These findings highlight the need for management strategies that balance ecological sustainability with economic stability. The community's adaptive resource use, proactive strategies, and participatory governance provide a robust framework for addressing the challenges posed by M. strigata.