Synthesis of β-ionone from xylose and lignocellulosic hydrolysate in genetically engineered oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

β-ionone, an apocarotenoid derived from a C40 terpenoid has an intense, woody smell and a low odor threshold that has been widely used in as an ingredient in food and cosmetics. Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising host for β-ionone production because of its oleaginous nature, its ability to produce high levels of acetyl-CoA (an important precursor for terpenoids), and the availability of synthetic biology tools to engineer the organism. In this study, β-carotene-producing Y. lipolytica strain XK17 was employed for β-ionone biosynthesis. First, we explored the effect of different sources of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) genes on β-ionone production. A high-yielding strain rUinO-D14 with 122 mg/L of β-ionone was obtained by screening promoters combined with rDNA mediated multi-round iterative transformations to optimize the expression of the CCD gene of Osmanthus fragrans. Second, to further develop a high-level production strain for β-ionone, we optimized key genes in the mevalonate pathway by multi-round iterative transformations mediated by non-homologous end joining, combined with a protein tagging strategy. Finally, the introduction of a heterologous oxidoreductase pathway enabled the engineered Y. lipolytica strain to use xylose as a sole carbon source and produce β-ionone. In addition, the potential for use of lignocellulosic hydrolysate as the carbon source for β-ionone production showed that the NHA-A31 strain had a high β-ionone productivity level. This study demonstrates that engineered Y. lipolytica can be used for the efficient, green and sustainable production of β-ionone.