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<p><i>Neodusmetia sangwani</i> (Subba Rao) (Encyrtidae) is a classical biological control agent of the rhodesgrass mealybug, <i>Antonina graminis</i> (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae), imported from India and first released in Texas, USA in 1959. Although subsequent releases were considered established in Arizona and Hawai`i, USA,&#xa0;establishment in California following releases in the Imperial Valley in 1968 had not been confirmed. Yellow pan trap surveys conducted on the University of California, Riverside campus, USA in 2016, 2024, and 2025 yielded more than 150 specimens across multiple habitats, with additional collections from Jurupa Valley and community science records (iNaturalist) from San Diego, California, supporting the presence of persistent populations. These findings document the successful establishment and year-round persistence of <i>N. sangwani</i> in southern California, USA. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcodes were generated for California specimens and compared with records in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Fifty closely matching sequences were identified worldwide, representing four geographically structured Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) of <i>N. sangwani</i> from Africa, South Asia, Australia, and&#xa0;the Americas. Mean mitochondrial divergence among BIN-associated clades ranged from 2.5–5.3% (Kimura 2-parameter), with the greatest differentiation observed in specimens from India and Pakistan. Despite this mitochondrial structure, no consistent morphological differences were detected among lineages. iNaturalist observations document a much broader global distribution. Our results confirm the establishment of <i>N. sangwani</i> in California and highlight the value of combining DNA barcoding with global biodiversity databases to improve post-release monitoring and assess lineage-level genetic variation in biological control agents.</p>

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A classical biological control program revisited: establishment, spread and mitochondrial diversity of Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Chrysalyn Dominguez,
  • Jessica Simons,
  • Iris Chien,
  • John M. Heraty

摘要

Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Encyrtidae) is a classical biological control agent of the rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae), imported from India and first released in Texas, USA in 1959. Although subsequent releases were considered established in Arizona and Hawai`i, USA, establishment in California following releases in the Imperial Valley in 1968 had not been confirmed. Yellow pan trap surveys conducted on the University of California, Riverside campus, USA in 2016, 2024, and 2025 yielded more than 150 specimens across multiple habitats, with additional collections from Jurupa Valley and community science records (iNaturalist) from San Diego, California, supporting the presence of persistent populations. These findings document the successful establishment and year-round persistence of N. sangwani in southern California, USA. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) barcodes were generated for California specimens and compared with records in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Fifty closely matching sequences were identified worldwide, representing four geographically structured Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) of N. sangwani from Africa, South Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Mean mitochondrial divergence among BIN-associated clades ranged from 2.5–5.3% (Kimura 2-parameter), with the greatest differentiation observed in specimens from India and Pakistan. Despite this mitochondrial structure, no consistent morphological differences were detected among lineages. iNaturalist observations document a much broader global distribution. Our results confirm the establishment of N. sangwani in California and highlight the value of combining DNA barcoding with global biodiversity databases to improve post-release monitoring and assess lineage-level genetic variation in biological control agents.