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<p>The November 3, 2023, Jajarkot earthquake (M<sub>L</sub>6.4) in western Nepal caused substantial damage, highlighting the ongoing issue of seismically weak unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in the region. This study presents an integrated post-earthquake reconnaissance and numerical analysis focusing on the seismic performance of these structures. Field investigations documented prevalent failure mechanisms, including out-of-plane collapse, corner separation, in-plane shear cracking, and gable wall failure, primarily attributed to the absence of seismic bands, poor wall connections, and the use of weak mud mortar with rounded stones. Damage was notably amplified on soft alluvial deposits along the Bheri River and the ridge topography of Jajarkot Khalanga due to local site effects. A nonlinear finite element model of a typical URM building, developed in DIANA FEA and validated against field evidence, successfully replicated the observed corner cracking failure at a peak ground acceleration of 0.7&#xa0;g and identified significant acceleration amplification (up to 3.94) at critical locations. The study concludes with targeted recommendations, emphasizing the urgent need for a systematic, code-based retrofitting program for the vast inventory of vulnerable buildings, alongside enhanced construction practices, stricter regulatory enforcement, and community capacity building to mitigate future seismic risk in this active Himalayan region.</p>

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Post-earthquake seismic performance assessment of masonry buildings after the 2023 Jajarkot earthquake, Nepal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Sumit Paudel,
  • Rabindra Adhikari,
  • Lalit Bhatt,
  • Bipin Karki,
  • Ayush Raj Shrestha

摘要

The November 3, 2023, Jajarkot earthquake (ML6.4) in western Nepal caused substantial damage, highlighting the ongoing issue of seismically weak unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in the region. This study presents an integrated post-earthquake reconnaissance and numerical analysis focusing on the seismic performance of these structures. Field investigations documented prevalent failure mechanisms, including out-of-plane collapse, corner separation, in-plane shear cracking, and gable wall failure, primarily attributed to the absence of seismic bands, poor wall connections, and the use of weak mud mortar with rounded stones. Damage was notably amplified on soft alluvial deposits along the Bheri River and the ridge topography of Jajarkot Khalanga due to local site effects. A nonlinear finite element model of a typical URM building, developed in DIANA FEA and validated against field evidence, successfully replicated the observed corner cracking failure at a peak ground acceleration of 0.7 g and identified significant acceleration amplification (up to 3.94) at critical locations. The study concludes with targeted recommendations, emphasizing the urgent need for a systematic, code-based retrofitting program for the vast inventory of vulnerable buildings, alongside enhanced construction practices, stricter regulatory enforcement, and community capacity building to mitigate future seismic risk in this active Himalayan region.