<p>The evaluation of repairability for column specimens is a critical component in assessing seismic toughness and can guide post-earthquake repairs. Under the effect of vertical variable axial force, the residual deformation limit specified in FEMA P-58 may be overly high. Existing studies generally suffer from limitations such as insufficient sample numbers, large errors, and incomplete evaluation processes. In this study, the change mode of axial compression ratio at the top of the central column was analyzed, and systematically evaluated the influence of vertical variable axial force and structural parameters on the bearing capacity and residual deformation of columns. The bearing capacity prediction model and residual deformation prediction model of column specimens considering multi-factor changes were established respectively. Based on damage index, the residual deformation limit of the repair interval of column specimens was divided, and the repairability probability model of column specimens was established. Finally, a complete set of columns repairability evaluation procedures was established. The results indicated that the residual deformation limit within the repair interval of column specimens was significantly lower than that proposed by FEMAP-58 and previous research when vertical variable axial force was applied. Specifically, when the change frequency was 3, the residual deformation limits for the “no repair required” and “can be repaired” intervals were less than half of those proposed by FEMAP-58, with the latter decreasing to 0.14% as the amplitude increases. Additionally, the interval limits provided by FEMAP-58 remained applicable when the change frequency of vertical variable axial force was 2 and the amplitude was small; but these limits decreased significantly with increasing amplitude. Ultimately, a comprehensive column reparability assessment system was established, providing critical decision-making basis for the functional recovery of subway station columns after earthquakes.</p>