Development and use of semi-empirical spectral ground motion models for GPP-induced micro-earthquakes in Southern Germany

This study provides a comprehensive exploration of ground motions associated with micro-earthquakes induced by geothermal power plants (GPP) in Southern Germany and proposes corresponding ground motion prediction equations (GMPE). Initiating with a statistical analysis of recorded seismic data from the GPP in Insheim, the study is extended to the greater Munich area. For the latter, the scarce recorded data are merged with physics-based simulation data. The recorded data in Insheim, Poing, Unterhaching and the simulated data in Munich are compared to existing GMPEs for GPP-induced events, highlighting the need of new region-specific prediction equations. The proposed GMPEs are expressed in terms of peak quantities, spectral accelerations and velocities, separating the horizontal and vertical direction. The regression curves exhibit a good alignment with both recorded and simulated data, within an acceptable range. Notably, the results reveal higher spectral quantities at shorter periods ( \(<0.1\) $<0.1$ s), underscoring the importance of this characteristic in seismic assessment. The article shows an exemplary application for a low-rise residential building, located at a hypocentral distance of 3 km. While the building meets serviceability standards for an \(M_W\) $M_W$ up to 2.5, the verification fails at \(M_W=3\) $M_W=3$ , emphasizing the need for robust risk assessment. These findings contribute to the understanding of ground motions of GPP-induced events, offering practical implications for serviceability verifications and aiding informed decision-making in geothermal energy projects.