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<p>The minority stress theory postulates that sexual minority individuals are subject to three forms of stressors—general, distal, and proximal—which are detrimental to their mental health. However, the distinction between within-person and between-person stress processes remains underexplored in the literature. Utilizing longitudinal data from 985 sexual minority participants (519 women; 466 men) across three years, multilevel analysis was used to disentangle the two-level stress process. Specifically, this study examined the associations between three distinct forms of stressors (everyday discrimination, felt stigma, and internalized homophobia) and psychological distress at both the within-person (flaring process) and between-person (weathering process) levels. Results revealed that everyday discrimination and internalized homophobia were associated with psychological distress significantly at the within-person level while all three stressors showed significant associations with psychological distress at the between-person level. Additionally, age was found to significantly moderate this two-level stress process. At the within-person level, age significantly moderated the association between internalized homophobia and psychological distress, while at the between-person level, age moderated the associations between everyday discrimination and psychological distress, as well as between felt stigma and psychological distress.</p>

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The Weathering and Flaring Processes of Sexual Minority Stressors on Psychological Distress: Disentangling the Within- and Between-Person Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月1日

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  • Ying Zhang,
  • Randolph D. Hubach

摘要

The minority stress theory postulates that sexual minority individuals are subject to three forms of stressors—general, distal, and proximal—which are detrimental to their mental health. However, the distinction between within-person and between-person stress processes remains underexplored in the literature. Utilizing longitudinal data from 985 sexual minority participants (519 women; 466 men) across three years, multilevel analysis was used to disentangle the two-level stress process. Specifically, this study examined the associations between three distinct forms of stressors (everyday discrimination, felt stigma, and internalized homophobia) and psychological distress at both the within-person (flaring process) and between-person (weathering process) levels. Results revealed that everyday discrimination and internalized homophobia were associated with psychological distress significantly at the within-person level while all three stressors showed significant associations with psychological distress at the between-person level. Additionally, age was found to significantly moderate this two-level stress process. At the within-person level, age significantly moderated the association between internalized homophobia and psychological distress, while at the between-person level, age moderated the associations between everyday discrimination and psychological distress, as well as between felt stigma and psychological distress.