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<p>The sea cucumber (<i>Apostichopus japonicus</i>) is an economically important aquaculture species in China, but its intensive cultivation faces challenges such as disease outbreaks and antibiotic overuse. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with <i>Phaffia rhodozyma</i>, an astaxanthin-rich red yeast, on the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of <i>A</i>. <i>japonicus</i>. Juveniles were fed diets containing varying doses of <i>P</i>. <i>rhodozyma</i> for 50&#xa0;days. Results showed that medium doses (10⁷ CFU/g) significantly improved weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio, while the low (10<sup>6</sup>&#xa0;CFU/g) and high dose (10⁸ CFU/g) showed no significant effect. The medium dose group also exhibited enhanced nonspecific immune enzyme activities and the highest survival rate after challenge with <i>Vibrio splendidus</i>. Nutrient analysis indicated increased body wall polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids in supplemented groups. Gut microbiota structure was altered, and metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment in antioxidant-related metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. Correlation analysis indicated close interactions between differential microbes and metabolites. These findings demonstrate that <i>P</i>. <i>rhodozyma</i> supplementation at optimal levels enhances growth, immune response, and disease resistance in <i>A</i>. <i>japonicus</i> by modulating gut microbiota and metabolic pathways, providing a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in sea cucumber aquaculture.</p>

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Dietary supplementation of Phaffia rhodozyma enhances growth performance, immune response, and modulates gut microbiota in Apostichopus japonicus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Xiaofei Tan,
  • Ailin Tang,
  • Zifan Zhou,
  • Haoyu Guo,
  • Siyu Zhang,
  • Yujia Liu,
  • Jian Che,
  • Bingnan Liu

摘要

The sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is an economically important aquaculture species in China, but its intensive cultivation faces challenges such as disease outbreaks and antibiotic overuse. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with Phaffia rhodozyma, an astaxanthin-rich red yeast, on the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of A. japonicus. Juveniles were fed diets containing varying doses of P. rhodozyma for 50 days. Results showed that medium doses (10⁷ CFU/g) significantly improved weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio, while the low (106 CFU/g) and high dose (10⁸ CFU/g) showed no significant effect. The medium dose group also exhibited enhanced nonspecific immune enzyme activities and the highest survival rate after challenge with Vibrio splendidus. Nutrient analysis indicated increased body wall polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids in supplemented groups. Gut microbiota structure was altered, and metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment in antioxidant-related metabolic pathways such as arachidonic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. Correlation analysis indicated close interactions between differential microbes and metabolites. These findings demonstrate that P. rhodozyma supplementation at optimal levels enhances growth, immune response, and disease resistance in A. japonicus by modulating gut microbiota and metabolic pathways, providing a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in sea cucumber aquaculture.