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<p>Maintaining osmotic homeostasis imposes a significant energetic cost on crustaceans, a challenge particularly acute in the expanding inland, low-salinity aquaculture of <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>. This study investigated how dietary carbohydrate levels modulate the trade-off between osmoregulation and growth. A 6-week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile shrimp reared at low (5 ppt) and optimal (25 ppt) salinity and fed diets with 10%, 20%, or 30% carbohydrate, followed by an acute low-salinity challenge. At 5 ppt, a 20% carbohydrate diet optimally improved shrimp survival and weight gain. Mechanistically, this was linked to an enhanced osmoregulatory capacity, evidenced by higher branchial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and myo-inositol concentration. The acute challenge confirmed this, showing a more rapid osmoregulatory response in the 20% group. Notably, a significant positive correlation was found between myo-inositol content and key glycolytic enzymes. However, dietary carbohydrate did not mitigate oxidative stress. This study elucidates a highly integrated metabolic strategy where dietary carbohydrates fuel glycolysis to simultaneously provide ATP for ion transport and precursors for osmolyte synthesis. These findings provide a clear metabolic rationale for optimizing dietary carbohydrate to approximately 20% in aquafeeds to enhance the physiological resilience and production performance of shrimp in low-salinity culture systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Dietary carbohydrate fuels a metabolic strategy for osmotic adaptation, enhancing growth and resilience of Litopenaeus vannamei in low-salinity water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Zhao Li,
  • Zhi Luo,
  • Sheng-Wei Lin,
  • Feng-Lu Han,
  • Chang Xu,
  • Er-Chao Li

摘要

Maintaining osmotic homeostasis imposes a significant energetic cost on crustaceans, a challenge particularly acute in the expanding inland, low-salinity aquaculture of Litopenaeus vannamei. This study investigated how dietary carbohydrate levels modulate the trade-off between osmoregulation and growth. A 6-week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile shrimp reared at low (5 ppt) and optimal (25 ppt) salinity and fed diets with 10%, 20%, or 30% carbohydrate, followed by an acute low-salinity challenge. At 5 ppt, a 20% carbohydrate diet optimally improved shrimp survival and weight gain. Mechanistically, this was linked to an enhanced osmoregulatory capacity, evidenced by higher branchial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and myo-inositol concentration. The acute challenge confirmed this, showing a more rapid osmoregulatory response in the 20% group. Notably, a significant positive correlation was found between myo-inositol content and key glycolytic enzymes. However, dietary carbohydrate did not mitigate oxidative stress. This study elucidates a highly integrated metabolic strategy where dietary carbohydrates fuel glycolysis to simultaneously provide ATP for ion transport and precursors for osmolyte synthesis. These findings provide a clear metabolic rationale for optimizing dietary carbohydrate to approximately 20% in aquafeeds to enhance the physiological resilience and production performance of shrimp in low-salinity culture systems.

Graphical abstract