Scholarlink

<p>Aquaculture, as a critical component of global food security, suffers annual economic losses exceeding US $6 billion due to infectious diseases. Conventional disease control methods, including antibiotics and Chinese herbal medicine, face limitations such as drug resistance and environmental pollution. Vaccination has thus emerged as a cornerstone of sustainable aquaculture. Immersion vaccination, a low-stress method for mass immunization, holds significant promise but faces a fundamental biological challenge: the formidable mucosal barriers of fish. This review systematically synthesizes the development of immersion vaccine technology to analyze the evolution from empirical whole-cell vaccines to rational molecular design platforms. We provide a detailed assessment of the progress in inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines (including naturally selected and genetically engineered attenuated strains), subunit vaccines (particularly nanocarrier delivery systems), and nucleic acid vaccines. Furthermore, we explore the roles of various adjuvants (oil-based, biological, nanomaterial, and composite adjuvants) and pretreatment strategies in enhancing the efficacy of immersion vaccines. Finally, based on an analysis of current challenges, we propose future research directions, such as developing intelligent delivery systems and non-GMO platforms, to provide a theoretical reference and translational roadmap for the development of next-generation high-efficacy immersion vaccines.</p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Advances in aquatic immersion vaccines: technological evolution, strategies for overcoming mucosal barriers, and future prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

查看全文
  • Yanzi Huang,
  • Xindong Yang,
  • Wenxin Liu,
  • Peiyi Wang,
  • Mingzhu Huang

摘要

Aquaculture, as a critical component of global food security, suffers annual economic losses exceeding US $6 billion due to infectious diseases. Conventional disease control methods, including antibiotics and Chinese herbal medicine, face limitations such as drug resistance and environmental pollution. Vaccination has thus emerged as a cornerstone of sustainable aquaculture. Immersion vaccination, a low-stress method for mass immunization, holds significant promise but faces a fundamental biological challenge: the formidable mucosal barriers of fish. This review systematically synthesizes the development of immersion vaccine technology to analyze the evolution from empirical whole-cell vaccines to rational molecular design platforms. We provide a detailed assessment of the progress in inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines (including naturally selected and genetically engineered attenuated strains), subunit vaccines (particularly nanocarrier delivery systems), and nucleic acid vaccines. Furthermore, we explore the roles of various adjuvants (oil-based, biological, nanomaterial, and composite adjuvants) and pretreatment strategies in enhancing the efficacy of immersion vaccines. Finally, based on an analysis of current challenges, we propose future research directions, such as developing intelligent delivery systems and non-GMO platforms, to provide a theoretical reference and translational roadmap for the development of next-generation high-efficacy immersion vaccines.