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<p>This study investigated the effects of varying carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios in biofloc systems, incorporating sugar beet raffinate as a carbon source, to reduce reliance on <i>Dunaliella salina</i> algae while assessing growth, reproductive performance, biomass production, proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, and digestive enzyme activities. Eight experimental diets were formulated and tested over a 21-day period: T1 (control: 25% algae + 75% yeast; C/N 3.5), T2 (2.5% algae + 0.625% raffinate; C/N 11), T3 (2.5% algae + 1.25% raffinate; C/N 11), T4 (5% algae + 0.625% raffinate; C/N 10.5), T5 (5% algae + 1.25% raffinate; C/N 10.5), T6 (10% algae + 0.625% raffinate; C/N 9.5), T7 (10% algae + 1.25% raffinate; C/N 9.5), and T8 (25% algae + 75% probiotic bacteria; C/N 3.5). Results demonstrated that the T7 diet yielded higher values than the control in multiple parameters. <i>Artemia</i> fed T7 exhibited 88.8 ± 2.3% survival (vs. 75.3 ± 2.0% in T1), 12.03 ± 0.41&#xa0;mm total length (vs. 9.67 ± 0.32&#xa0;mm in T1), 1600 ± 87 total offspring (vs. 1067 ± 54 in T1), and higher activities of alkaline protease (1.92 ± 0.08 U mg⁻<sup>1</sup> protein; twofold increase vs. T1), amylase (46.89 ± 1.9 U mg⁻<sup>1</sup> protein), and lipase (0.48 ± 0.02 U mg⁻<sup>1</sup> protein). Additionally, this diet yielded 2518 ± 98&#xa0;g biomass (vs. 1690 ± 75&#xa0;g in T1) and 0.16 ± 0.01 feed conversion ratio (FCR; vs. 0.28 ± 0.02 in T1), alongside 58.45 ± 2.3% body protein (vs. 63.72 ± 2.1% in T1). Diets incorporating reduced algae levels combined with raffinate yielded 20–30% higher growth, biomass, and reproductive output at C/N ratios of 9.5–10.5. Comparative cost analysis revealed a 73% reduction in feed costs for T7 (0.42 USD/kg biomass) versus T1 (1.53 USD/kg), driven by 60–80% microalgae substitution with raffinate, enhancing economic viability for large-scale production. Sensitivity modeling of C/N deviations (± 10%) confirmed robust biomass stability (&lt; 0.1% loss) and TOC within safe limits (&lt; 150&#xa0;mg/L), supporting process tolerance in industrial biofloc systems. These findings highlight the potential of sugar beet raffinate as a sustainable, cost-effective carbon source in biofloc systems, offering a viable strategy to optimize <i>Artemia</i> culture while reducing dependence on costly algal feeds. This study provides novel insights into the nutritional dynamics of biofloc-based <i>Artemia</i> culture, with implications for sustainable aquaculture practices.</p>

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Optimizing Artemia franciscana performance through sugar beet raffinate in biofloc systems: a novel approach to nutritional dynamics and sustainable aquaculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Saeid Vahdat,
  • Manizheh Biabani Asrami,
  • Abolghasem Esmaeeli Fereidooni

摘要

This study investigated the effects of varying carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios in biofloc systems, incorporating sugar beet raffinate as a carbon source, to reduce reliance on Dunaliella salina algae while assessing growth, reproductive performance, biomass production, proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, and digestive enzyme activities. Eight experimental diets were formulated and tested over a 21-day period: T1 (control: 25% algae + 75% yeast; C/N 3.5), T2 (2.5% algae + 0.625% raffinate; C/N 11), T3 (2.5% algae + 1.25% raffinate; C/N 11), T4 (5% algae + 0.625% raffinate; C/N 10.5), T5 (5% algae + 1.25% raffinate; C/N 10.5), T6 (10% algae + 0.625% raffinate; C/N 9.5), T7 (10% algae + 1.25% raffinate; C/N 9.5), and T8 (25% algae + 75% probiotic bacteria; C/N 3.5). Results demonstrated that the T7 diet yielded higher values than the control in multiple parameters. Artemia fed T7 exhibited 88.8 ± 2.3% survival (vs. 75.3 ± 2.0% in T1), 12.03 ± 0.41 mm total length (vs. 9.67 ± 0.32 mm in T1), 1600 ± 87 total offspring (vs. 1067 ± 54 in T1), and higher activities of alkaline protease (1.92 ± 0.08 U mg⁻1 protein; twofold increase vs. T1), amylase (46.89 ± 1.9 U mg⁻1 protein), and lipase (0.48 ± 0.02 U mg⁻1 protein). Additionally, this diet yielded 2518 ± 98 g biomass (vs. 1690 ± 75 g in T1) and 0.16 ± 0.01 feed conversion ratio (FCR; vs. 0.28 ± 0.02 in T1), alongside 58.45 ± 2.3% body protein (vs. 63.72 ± 2.1% in T1). Diets incorporating reduced algae levels combined with raffinate yielded 20–30% higher growth, biomass, and reproductive output at C/N ratios of 9.5–10.5. Comparative cost analysis revealed a 73% reduction in feed costs for T7 (0.42 USD/kg biomass) versus T1 (1.53 USD/kg), driven by 60–80% microalgae substitution with raffinate, enhancing economic viability for large-scale production. Sensitivity modeling of C/N deviations (± 10%) confirmed robust biomass stability (< 0.1% loss) and TOC within safe limits (< 150 mg/L), supporting process tolerance in industrial biofloc systems. These findings highlight the potential of sugar beet raffinate as a sustainable, cost-effective carbon source in biofloc systems, offering a viable strategy to optimize Artemia culture while reducing dependence on costly algal feeds. This study provides novel insights into the nutritional dynamics of biofloc-based Artemia culture, with implications for sustainable aquaculture practices.