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<p>The administration of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> in aquafeeds is increasing steadily due to its dual role: as a functional feed additive, due to its phytochemical composition, and as a nutritional ingredient, owing to its rich nutrient profile. A meta-analysis of 41 peer-reviewed articles, yielding 374 control-treatment comparisons (<i>k</i> = 374), was carried out to evaluate the impact of <i>M. oleifera</i> supplementation on growth performance (specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)), hematological parameters (red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) counts), and biochemical parameters (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities) of fish and shrimp. The effect size (Hedges’ <i>g</i>) from the random-effects model demonstrated that dietary inclusion of <i>M. oleifera</i> significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) increased SGR, RBCs, and WBCs and improved FCR and AST levels, while a non-significant (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) improvement was observed in ALT levels. Heterogeneity was very high (<i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 98.8–99.65%) across all outcome variables. Although funnel plots were asymmetrical for all parameters, publication bias was detected for RBCs, WBCs, and AST. Meta-regression revealed that optimum levels of <i>M. oleifera</i> supplementation as a feed additive were approximately 1% for SGR, FCR, RBCs, and WBCs in fish, while, in shrimp, it was estimated at 0.62–0.68% for SGR and FCR. In contrast, when used as a feed ingredient, optimum levels of <i>M. oleifera</i> supplementation were 13–15% for SGR, FCR, RBCs, and WBCs in fish. Conclusively, <i>M. oleifera</i> exhibits strong potential as both a functional feed additive and a nutritional feed ingredient for enhancing growth performance and hematological indices of aquaculture species, while liver enzyme responses, particularly ALT, may indicate variable outcomes.</p>

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Meta-analysis of Moringa oleifera supplementation as functional feed additive and nutritional feed ingredient: effects on growth performance, hematological indices, and liver enzyme activities in fish and shrimp

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Isha Imtiaz,
  • Syed Zakir Hussain Shah,
  • Mahroze Fatima

摘要

The administration of Moringa oleifera in aquafeeds is increasing steadily due to its dual role: as a functional feed additive, due to its phytochemical composition, and as a nutritional ingredient, owing to its rich nutrient profile. A meta-analysis of 41 peer-reviewed articles, yielding 374 control-treatment comparisons (k = 374), was carried out to evaluate the impact of M. oleifera supplementation on growth performance (specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)), hematological parameters (red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) counts), and biochemical parameters (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities) of fish and shrimp. The effect size (Hedges’ g) from the random-effects model demonstrated that dietary inclusion of M. oleifera significantly (p < 0.05) increased SGR, RBCs, and WBCs and improved FCR and AST levels, while a non-significant (p > 0.05) improvement was observed in ALT levels. Heterogeneity was very high (I2 = 98.8–99.65%) across all outcome variables. Although funnel plots were asymmetrical for all parameters, publication bias was detected for RBCs, WBCs, and AST. Meta-regression revealed that optimum levels of M. oleifera supplementation as a feed additive were approximately 1% for SGR, FCR, RBCs, and WBCs in fish, while, in shrimp, it was estimated at 0.62–0.68% for SGR and FCR. In contrast, when used as a feed ingredient, optimum levels of M. oleifera supplementation were 13–15% for SGR, FCR, RBCs, and WBCs in fish. Conclusively, M. oleifera exhibits strong potential as both a functional feed additive and a nutritional feed ingredient for enhancing growth performance and hematological indices of aquaculture species, while liver enzyme responses, particularly ALT, may indicate variable outcomes.