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<p>Aquaculture wastewater contains high and variable suspended solids that require rapid and efficient clarification to protect receiving waters and cultured organisms. Coagulation–flocculation using plant-based coagulants offers a sustainable alternative to metal salts; however, existing studies are largely limited to seed-derived or non–freeze-dried materials and rarely address dosage efficiency or scalability. This study evaluates freeze-dried <i>Moringa oleifera</i> leaf extract as a low-dosage natural biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment. Protein–polysaccharide content and functional groups were characterized to assess preservation of coagulation-active constituents following freeze-drying. Coagulation performance was evaluated using jar tests in synthetic kaolin suspension and real aquaculture wastewater, followed by statistical optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal conditions achieved 71.0% total suspended solids (TSS) removal and 74.0% turbidity reduction at a low dosage of 0.03&#xa0;g coagulant/g TSS. These results demonstrate that freeze-drying effectively concentrates functional biopolymers in leaf-based materials, enabling efficient coagulation at substantially lower dosages than commonly reported seed-based coagulants. The findings establish freeze-dried <i>M</i>. <i>oleifera</i> leaves as a stable, scalable, and chemically independent biocoagulant suitable for practical aquaculture wastewater treatment.</p>

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Utilizing freeze-dried Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a novel biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment: characterization, mechanism, and optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Salmi Nur Ain Sanusi,
  • Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah,
  • Hassimi Abu Hasan,
  • Nur ‘Izzati Ismail,
  • Ahmad Razi Othman,
  • Nor Sakinah Mohd Said,
  • Radhiatul Atiqah Ramli Shah

摘要

Aquaculture wastewater contains high and variable suspended solids that require rapid and efficient clarification to protect receiving waters and cultured organisms. Coagulation–flocculation using plant-based coagulants offers a sustainable alternative to metal salts; however, existing studies are largely limited to seed-derived or non–freeze-dried materials and rarely address dosage efficiency or scalability. This study evaluates freeze-dried Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a low-dosage natural biocoagulant for aquaculture wastewater treatment. Protein–polysaccharide content and functional groups were characterized to assess preservation of coagulation-active constituents following freeze-drying. Coagulation performance was evaluated using jar tests in synthetic kaolin suspension and real aquaculture wastewater, followed by statistical optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal conditions achieved 71.0% total suspended solids (TSS) removal and 74.0% turbidity reduction at a low dosage of 0.03 g coagulant/g TSS. These results demonstrate that freeze-drying effectively concentrates functional biopolymers in leaf-based materials, enabling efficient coagulation at substantially lower dosages than commonly reported seed-based coagulants. The findings establish freeze-dried M. oleifera leaves as a stable, scalable, and chemically independent biocoagulant suitable for practical aquaculture wastewater treatment.