<p>The farming of the giant freshwater prawn (<i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>) is experiencing steady growth worldwide, driven by rising demand for high-quality protein and diversification in aquaculture, yet productivity gains are hindered by biological and managerial constraints. Critical factors such as water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity), appropriate nutrient and dietary formulation, optimal stocking densities, and an understanding of basic prawn biology (moulting cycles, growth phases, social behaviour) must be balanced to ensure sustainable production. Recent advances have introduced several promising innovations: biofloc technology (BFT) enhances water quality, reduces feed reliance and supports improved feed conversion; monosex culture strategies offer more uniform growth and yield; alternative feed ingredients (e.g. microbial meals, insect protein, plant-derived sources) are being explored to reduce cost and environmental footprint; and survival enhancement techniques such as the use of vertical farming system, various substrate types, and integrated or polyculture systems have demonstrated higher survival and stability. Emerging digital tools, including Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and artificial intelligence (AI), enable real-time monitoring, disease detection, and automated control, further refining system efficiency. However, major challenges remain that include disease outbreaks, inconsistencies in quality seed and broodstock, and the limited skills or knowledge among many farmers restrict adoption of advanced practices. Strengthening institutional support, training, and technology transfer is essential. The adoption of sustainable practices together with advanced technologies that suit regional conditions plays a central role in addressing long-standing challenges and realising the full potential of giant freshwater prawn culture.</p>