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<p>Excessive farming density–induced diseases and drug abuse have stimulated concern over the food-borne approaches in crayfish. Dietary andrographolide supplementation presents potential benefits for animal growth and hepatic health, yet its impact on host physiology and microbial metabolism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of dietary andrographolide on growth, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and immunity in crayfish, together with the underlying microbial mechanisms. A total of 450 individuals (4.00&#xa0;g) were randomly allocated to experimental groups, receiving dietary regimens containing andrographolide at concentrations of 0, 0.05%, and 0.10% over 6&#xa0;weeks. The results demonstrated that supplementation with andrographolide in the crayfish feed enhanced growth and hepatic health status, as evidenced by the well-developed hepatic tubules and more F cells, alongside decreased hemolymph glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and malondialdehyde levels (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Crayfish supplemented with 0.05% andrographolide exhibited improved immunity, reflected by elevated lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities in the hemolymph, as well as decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa-B and Toll-like receptor (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Critically, dietary andrographolide profoundly reshaped the gut microbiota, characterized by a significant reduction in <i>Citrobacter</i> and an increase in <i>Tyzzerella</i>. Most notably, <i>Exiguobacterium</i> was identified as a key microbial biomarker whose abundance was strongly correlated with the improved host phenotypes. In summary, dietary andrographolide supplementation at the experimental level of 500&#xa0;mg/kg was found to enhance immune and antioxidant functions in crayfish by reshaping microbial metabolic functions. Based on the dose–response models of growth and feed utilization, the optimal dietary andrographolide dosage was determined to be 510.01–542.88&#xa0;mg/kg.</p>

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Dietary andrographolide supplementation improves growth, antioxidant capacity, and innate immunity in Procambarus clarkii by reshaping gut microbiota

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月26日

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  • Minglang Cai,
  • Shao Wang,
  • Xixun Zhou,
  • Aimin Wang,
  • Junzhi Zhang,
  • Yi Hu

摘要

Excessive farming density–induced diseases and drug abuse have stimulated concern over the food-borne approaches in crayfish. Dietary andrographolide supplementation presents potential benefits for animal growth and hepatic health, yet its impact on host physiology and microbial metabolism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the effects of dietary andrographolide on growth, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and immunity in crayfish, together with the underlying microbial mechanisms. A total of 450 individuals (4.00 g) were randomly allocated to experimental groups, receiving dietary regimens containing andrographolide at concentrations of 0, 0.05%, and 0.10% over 6 weeks. The results demonstrated that supplementation with andrographolide in the crayfish feed enhanced growth and hepatic health status, as evidenced by the well-developed hepatic tubules and more F cells, alongside decreased hemolymph glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). Crayfish supplemented with 0.05% andrographolide exhibited improved immunity, reflected by elevated lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities in the hemolymph, as well as decreased expression of nuclear factor kappa-B and Toll-like receptor (P < 0.05). Critically, dietary andrographolide profoundly reshaped the gut microbiota, characterized by a significant reduction in Citrobacter and an increase in Tyzzerella. Most notably, Exiguobacterium was identified as a key microbial biomarker whose abundance was strongly correlated with the improved host phenotypes. In summary, dietary andrographolide supplementation at the experimental level of 500 mg/kg was found to enhance immune and antioxidant functions in crayfish by reshaping microbial metabolic functions. Based on the dose–response models of growth and feed utilization, the optimal dietary andrographolide dosage was determined to be 510.01–542.88 mg/kg.