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<p>Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging threat causing high mortality in penaeid shrimp, triggered by deadly toxins secreted by a virulent strain of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i>. This strain acquires its pathogenicity by harboring a 63–70 kb AHPND-associated plasmid (pVA1), which encodes the binary PirAB^VP toxin, comprising the PirA^VP and PirB^VP subunits. Degrading these toxins presents a potential strategy for controlling AHPND. This study evaluated the ability of various <i>Bacillus</i> strains to degrade crude and pure AHPND toxins in vitro, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Previous research has indicated that <i>Bacillus</i>-based treatments can enhance shrimp survival when exposed to AHPND pathogens. However, despite advancements in detection methods, the exact mode of action and effective therapies for AHPND remain unclear. In vivo challenge tests using gnotobiotic <i>Artemia franciscana</i> revealed that certain <i>Bacillus</i> strains improved larval survival against crude and pure AHPND toxins. Moreover, a mixed culture of <i>Bacillus</i> strains significantly increased <i>Artemia</i> survival compared to the positive control, whereas individual strains showed no significant difference when directly challenged with <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i> M0904. The <i>Artemia</i> model provides a controlled, ethical, and cost-efficient system for high-throughput screening of microbial interactions, especially for assessing cytotoxicity and evaluating the effectiveness of potential probiotics in mitigating toxin-induced mortality. These findings suggest that the protective effect of <i>Bacillus</i> strains likely stems from their ability to degrade toxins.</p>

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In vitro degradation of crude and pure AHPND toxin by Bacillus strains and their cytotoxic effects toward gnotobiotic Artemia challenge assays

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Gde Sasmita Julyantoro Pande,
  • Esti Handayani Hardi,
  • Yuniarti Koniyo,
  • I Nyoman Suarsana,
  • Peter Bossier

摘要

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging threat causing high mortality in penaeid shrimp, triggered by deadly toxins secreted by a virulent strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This strain acquires its pathogenicity by harboring a 63–70 kb AHPND-associated plasmid (pVA1), which encodes the binary PirAB^VP toxin, comprising the PirA^VP and PirB^VP subunits. Degrading these toxins presents a potential strategy for controlling AHPND. This study evaluated the ability of various Bacillus strains to degrade crude and pure AHPND toxins in vitro, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Previous research has indicated that Bacillus-based treatments can enhance shrimp survival when exposed to AHPND pathogens. However, despite advancements in detection methods, the exact mode of action and effective therapies for AHPND remain unclear. In vivo challenge tests using gnotobiotic Artemia franciscana revealed that certain Bacillus strains improved larval survival against crude and pure AHPND toxins. Moreover, a mixed culture of Bacillus strains significantly increased Artemia survival compared to the positive control, whereas individual strains showed no significant difference when directly challenged with V. parahaemolyticus M0904. The Artemia model provides a controlled, ethical, and cost-efficient system for high-throughput screening of microbial interactions, especially for assessing cytotoxicity and evaluating the effectiveness of potential probiotics in mitigating toxin-induced mortality. These findings suggest that the protective effect of Bacillus strains likely stems from their ability to degrade toxins.