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<p>Oxidative stress significantly impacts fish health and productivity in aquaculture. This study investigated the antioxidant capacity and mechanisms of a C-phycocyanin (C-PC) enriched extract from <i>Spirulina platensis</i> using the zebrafish model. Chemical characterization by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS identified 29 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and cerebrosides, alongside C-PC (A620/A280 ≈ 1.575). <i>In vivo</i> assays in zebrafish larvae demonstrated that C-PC (125–500 µg/mL) was nontoxic and provided complete protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced lethality, though higher concentrations (750–1000 µg/mL) were toxic. Crucially, gene expression analysis showed C-PC’s protective effect was independent of Nrf2 transcriptional pathway activation, as efficacy was retained in Nrf2-knockout zebrafish despite no upregulation of <i>gstp1</i> or <i>prdx1</i>. Molecular docking simulations further supported this by revealing direct interactions between phycocyanobilin (C-PC’s chromophore) and key oxidative stress regulators: catalase, <i>p</i>38 MAPK, and NF-κB. These findings suggest C-PC protects through Nrf2-independent pathways, involving direct radical scavenging and modulation of signaling cascades. This research highlights <i>Spirulina</i>-derived C-PC as a promising natural antioxidant supplement for aquaculture, enhancing fish resilience, particularly when canonical Nrf2 signaling is compromised.</p>

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C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis mitigates oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio): insights into Nrf2-independent mechanisms and aquaculture applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Vu Thanh Nguyen,
  • Ngo Quoc Hieu,
  • Nguyen Thi Kim Lien,
  • Vo Thi Minh Thao,
  • Nguyen Phuc Cam Tu,
  • Dinh Thi Thuy,
  • Hai Ha Pham Thi,
  • Makoto Kobayashi,
  • Nguyen Thanh Luan

摘要

Oxidative stress significantly impacts fish health and productivity in aquaculture. This study investigated the antioxidant capacity and mechanisms of a C-phycocyanin (C-PC) enriched extract from Spirulina platensis using the zebrafish model. Chemical characterization by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS identified 29 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and cerebrosides, alongside C-PC (A620/A280 ≈ 1.575). In vivo assays in zebrafish larvae demonstrated that C-PC (125–500 µg/mL) was nontoxic and provided complete protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced lethality, though higher concentrations (750–1000 µg/mL) were toxic. Crucially, gene expression analysis showed C-PC’s protective effect was independent of Nrf2 transcriptional pathway activation, as efficacy was retained in Nrf2-knockout zebrafish despite no upregulation of gstp1 or prdx1. Molecular docking simulations further supported this by revealing direct interactions between phycocyanobilin (C-PC’s chromophore) and key oxidative stress regulators: catalase, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB. These findings suggest C-PC protects through Nrf2-independent pathways, involving direct radical scavenging and modulation of signaling cascades. This research highlights Spirulina-derived C-PC as a promising natural antioxidant supplement for aquaculture, enhancing fish resilience, particularly when canonical Nrf2 signaling is compromised.