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<p>Ink-jetting is a key defense mechanism in cephalopods, but excessive discharge can cause metabolic imbalance and oxidative tissue damage. While previous studies have focused on tissue-level responses, systemic metabolic adaptation and amino acid redistribution remain poorly understood. Here, <i>Sepia pharaonis</i> was subjected to repeated ink-jetting stress, and hematological parameters and free amino acids (FAAs) concentrations in muscle and the ink sac were analyzed over a 28-day recovery period. Ink-jetting triggered rapid metabolic mobilization, with blood glucose increasing from 0.50 ± 0.06&#xa0;mmol/L to 0.92 ± 0.05&#xa0;mmol/L (+ 84.13%), and triglycerides from 0.027 ± 0.004&#xa0;mmol/L to 0.044 ± 0.003&#xa0;mmol/L (+ 63.28%) (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), uric acid (UA), and total cholesterol also rose significantly, indicating hepatic stress and elevated amino acid catabolism. From days 0 to 14 post-stress, muscle tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) decreased by 27.02% and 28.13%, while levels in the ink sac increased by 44.25% and 70.43%, suggesting directed mobilization for melanin synthesis. From days 14 to 28, muscle arginine (Arg) and tryptophan decreased (− 11.6%, − 13.6%), while taurine (Tau) and proline (Pro) increased (+ 11.31%, + 3.60%), with corresponding declines in the ink sac. These results suggest that Tyr and Phe are rapidly redistributed for ink regeneration, while Arg, Tau, and Pro support oxidative repair and osmotic stability. Tryptophan and Phe may also contribute to neuroendocrine stress signaling. In conclusion, blood glucose, muscle Tau, and ink-sac Tyr may serve as biomarkers of ink-jetting stress, providing insight into the metabolic cost of cephalopod defense and informing stress management in aquaculture.</p>

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Hematological metabolic characteristics and dynamic regulation of free amino acids in muscle and ink in response to inkjet-induced stress in Sepia pharaonis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月22日

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  • Ao Meng,
  • Wencheng Xiao,
  • Ruibing Peng,
  • Xiamin Jiang,
  • Qingxi Han,
  • Sheng Li,
  • Maowang Jiang

摘要

Ink-jetting is a key defense mechanism in cephalopods, but excessive discharge can cause metabolic imbalance and oxidative tissue damage. While previous studies have focused on tissue-level responses, systemic metabolic adaptation and amino acid redistribution remain poorly understood. Here, Sepia pharaonis was subjected to repeated ink-jetting stress, and hematological parameters and free amino acids (FAAs) concentrations in muscle and the ink sac were analyzed over a 28-day recovery period. Ink-jetting triggered rapid metabolic mobilization, with blood glucose increasing from 0.50 ± 0.06 mmol/L to 0.92 ± 0.05 mmol/L (+ 84.13%), and triglycerides from 0.027 ± 0.004 mmol/L to 0.044 ± 0.003 mmol/L (+ 63.28%) (P < 0.05). Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), uric acid (UA), and total cholesterol also rose significantly, indicating hepatic stress and elevated amino acid catabolism. From days 0 to 14 post-stress, muscle tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe) decreased by 27.02% and 28.13%, while levels in the ink sac increased by 44.25% and 70.43%, suggesting directed mobilization for melanin synthesis. From days 14 to 28, muscle arginine (Arg) and tryptophan decreased (− 11.6%, − 13.6%), while taurine (Tau) and proline (Pro) increased (+ 11.31%, + 3.60%), with corresponding declines in the ink sac. These results suggest that Tyr and Phe are rapidly redistributed for ink regeneration, while Arg, Tau, and Pro support oxidative repair and osmotic stability. Tryptophan and Phe may also contribute to neuroendocrine stress signaling. In conclusion, blood glucose, muscle Tau, and ink-sac Tyr may serve as biomarkers of ink-jetting stress, providing insight into the metabolic cost of cephalopod defense and informing stress management in aquaculture.