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<p>This study investigated the effects of dietary <i>Tribulus terrestris</i> extract (0, 100, 1000, or 2000&#xa0;mg/kg) on growth, health, and reproductive physiology in common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>). Over 60&#xa0;days, fish fed 100 and 1000&#xa0;mg/kg exhibited higher survival rates (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), though growth metrics (final weight, FCR, SGR) remained unchanged (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). Reproductive indices displayed sex-specific responses: males showed elevated gonadosomatic index (GSI) at 100–1000&#xa0;mg/kg, while females had increased GSI at 2000&#xa0;mg/kg (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). <i>T. terrestris</i> extract at 1000&#xa0;mg/kg significantly reduced female GSI (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), while no dose increased male testosterone, suggesting species- and sex-specific efficacy. Blood biochemistry revealed dose-dependent effects, including elevated triglycerides (males, 2000&#xa0;mg/kg; females, 1000–2000&#xa0;mg/kg), cholesterol peaking at 100&#xa0;mg/kg (both sexes), and reduced globulin levels (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Liver function markers SGOT and SGPT increased at higher doses (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased at 1000–2000&#xa0;mg/kg, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) declined in males at 1000&#xa0;mg/kg. Gene expression analysis highlighted significant upregulation of ovarian NRF2 (linked to oxidative stress response), whereas GDF9 (critical for folliculogenesis) remained unaffected. Histologically, <i>T. terrestris</i> enhanced spermatogenic maturity (increased spermatocytes/spermatozoa) and delayed ovarian development in females at 1000&#xa0;mg/kg, correlating with reduced estradiol (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). These findings underscore <i>T. terrestris</i> as a multifunctional supplement for modulating male reproductive performance and female sexual maturation in aquaculture, with implications for broodstock management.</p>

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Growth performance, blood biochemistry, gene expression, gonad histology, and sexual parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed diets supplemented with Tribulus terrestris extract

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Hamidreza Ahmadniaye Motlagh,
  • Mahdi Banaee,
  • Davar Shahsavani,
  • Hossein Nourani,
  • Ali Javadmanesh,
  • Mehrdad Sarkheil

摘要

This study investigated the effects of dietary Tribulus terrestris extract (0, 100, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg) on growth, health, and reproductive physiology in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Over 60 days, fish fed 100 and 1000 mg/kg exhibited higher survival rates (P < 0.05), though growth metrics (final weight, FCR, SGR) remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Reproductive indices displayed sex-specific responses: males showed elevated gonadosomatic index (GSI) at 100–1000 mg/kg, while females had increased GSI at 2000 mg/kg (P < 0.05). T. terrestris extract at 1000 mg/kg significantly reduced female GSI (P < 0.05), while no dose increased male testosterone, suggesting species- and sex-specific efficacy. Blood biochemistry revealed dose-dependent effects, including elevated triglycerides (males, 2000 mg/kg; females, 1000–2000 mg/kg), cholesterol peaking at 100 mg/kg (both sexes), and reduced globulin levels (P < 0.05). Liver function markers SGOT and SGPT increased at higher doses (P < 0.05), while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased at 1000–2000 mg/kg, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) declined in males at 1000 mg/kg. Gene expression analysis highlighted significant upregulation of ovarian NRF2 (linked to oxidative stress response), whereas GDF9 (critical for folliculogenesis) remained unaffected. Histologically, T. terrestris enhanced spermatogenic maturity (increased spermatocytes/spermatozoa) and delayed ovarian development in females at 1000 mg/kg, correlating with reduced estradiol (P < 0.05). These findings underscore T. terrestris as a multifunctional supplement for modulating male reproductive performance and female sexual maturation in aquaculture, with implications for broodstock management.