A field survey for aqua inputs used in freshwater fish farms in Andhra Pradesh, India

The aim of this survey was to investigate the latest insights on different aqua inputs available in freshwater fish farming in Andhra Pradesh, India. The present survey on the use of aqua inputs was conducted in 520 freshwater fish farms, 50 aquaculture dealer shops, and 10 manufacturing units between September 2020 and December 2022 using a prescribed questionnaire. The present study documented a total of 336 different aquaculture inputs represented by more than 50 different manufacturing and packaging units. The aquaculture inputs was dominated by disinfectants and toxin binders (29.8%), followed by feed additives and growth promoters (21.5%), probiotics (20%), unlabeled group (10.4%), pesticides (8.9%), antibiotics (5.2%), and fertilizers (4.2%). Furthermore, the present survey revealed that infectious diseases, inadequate knowledge on aquaculture practices, lack of professionals, over-the-counter sales of antimicrobials, reliance of farmers largely on peers and company representatives, inconsistency in recommending dosage, and a lack of stringent regulations are major risk factors in aquaculture. Educated and experienced farmers were aware of the risks associated with antimicrobial use. This may help to implement successful interventions towards reduced antibiotic use in freshwater fish farming in Andhra Pradesh. In addition, the present survey identified a large number of aqua inputs that are currently in use, but that require further regulations and evaluation. Hence, there is an urgent need for awareness, effective surveillance, proper diagnosis, and disease advisory services. Stringent regulation and evaluation regarding the imprudent use of antimicrobials and their environmental and human health impacts can make a significant difference in promoting sustainable aquaculture for many years to come.