<p>Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a prevalent complication affecting the central nervous system after surgery, manifesting as a decline in cognitive abilities, particularly common among elderly patients. Surgical stress and anesthesia can activate systemic inflammation, prompting immune cells, including neutrophils, to infiltrate the brain, thereby triggering neuroinflammation and resulting in cognitive impairment. Neutrophils, as crucial effector cells in innate immunity, have been increasingly recognized in recent years for their significant role in the pathogenesis of POCD due to their vital function in inflammatory responses. They are not only rapidly activated in peripheral blood, secreting a range of cytokines, chemokines, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but also possess the capacity to alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), further facilitating the development of neuroinflammation. This paper systematically reviews the recent findings on the diverse functions of neutrophils and their role in POCD, aiming to provide novel theoretical foundations and cutting-edge perspectives for advancing foundational research and optimizing clinical intervention strategies for POCD.</p>