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<p>Climate change, largely caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has sharpened the industrial sector’s focus on decarbonization. One possible way to reduce the sector’s decarbonization is to adopt a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). Designing and implementing a CLSC network plays a critical role in the supply chain’s total cost and carbon emissions. However, given the serious damage that major disruptive events—such as the COVID-19 pandemic-have caused to supply chains in recent years, there are concerns about CLSCs’ ability to withstand shocks in the face of such unexpected disruptions. In this study, we introduce the concepts of resilience and disruption into CLSCs, propose a multicycle, multiproduct CLSC network optimization model that considers carbon emissions under demand uncertainty, and explore the relationship between carbon emissions and supply chain resilience. Finally, we validate the model using an arithmetic analysis. The results show that low-carbon and highly resilient CLSCs involve additional costs for firms. We find that maintaining supply chain resilience requires keeping a certain level of redundancy at critical nodes, especially capacity redundancy at production centers, which is the core of ensuring the survival of the network. When the redundancy level reaches <i>p</i> = <i>0.7,</i> the CLSC can achieve the minimum resilience requirement. Further analysis shows that although low-carbon and high-resilience networks have higher total costs, their unit costs are lower and they are more efficient in the long run. At the same time, low-carbon production technologies are significantly superior to clean transportation fuels in terms of emission reduction efficiency and cost-effectiveness, and should be the priority choice for firms. This study offers a reference for solving the trade-off between decarbonization and CLSC resilience under major disruptive events.</p>

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Decarbonization versus Resilience: an optimization study of closed-loop supply chains under major disruptive events

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Sihua Chen,
  • Xiang Wen,
  • Wei He

摘要

Climate change, largely caused by greenhouse gas emissions, has sharpened the industrial sector’s focus on decarbonization. One possible way to reduce the sector’s decarbonization is to adopt a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). Designing and implementing a CLSC network plays a critical role in the supply chain’s total cost and carbon emissions. However, given the serious damage that major disruptive events—such as the COVID-19 pandemic-have caused to supply chains in recent years, there are concerns about CLSCs’ ability to withstand shocks in the face of such unexpected disruptions. In this study, we introduce the concepts of resilience and disruption into CLSCs, propose a multicycle, multiproduct CLSC network optimization model that considers carbon emissions under demand uncertainty, and explore the relationship between carbon emissions and supply chain resilience. Finally, we validate the model using an arithmetic analysis. The results show that low-carbon and highly resilient CLSCs involve additional costs for firms. We find that maintaining supply chain resilience requires keeping a certain level of redundancy at critical nodes, especially capacity redundancy at production centers, which is the core of ensuring the survival of the network. When the redundancy level reaches p = 0.7, the CLSC can achieve the minimum resilience requirement. Further analysis shows that although low-carbon and high-resilience networks have higher total costs, their unit costs are lower and they are more efficient in the long run. At the same time, low-carbon production technologies are significantly superior to clean transportation fuels in terms of emission reduction efficiency and cost-effectiveness, and should be the priority choice for firms. This study offers a reference for solving the trade-off between decarbonization and CLSC resilience under major disruptive events.