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<p>Due to the constant growth in urban population and the development of e-commerce, the demand for goods and transport of merchandise in densely populated areas have increased significantly. This often leads to traffic congestion, noise and environmental pollution. As a result, conventional vehicles can no longer access urban areas, encouraging multilevel distribution policies and favoring the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) which are capable of reducing the disruptive effects of last-mile distribution. We introduce the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with time windows, satellite synchronization, grey zones and covering options (2E-MTVRPTW-SS-GZ-CO) that incorporates relevant constraints encountered in last-mile logistics such as the inclusion of grey zones, time windows, spatial and temporal synchronization at satellites, multiple trips for second-level vehicles, and the deployment of Customer-to-Parcel (C2P) stations. This problem arises in the research of new sustainable delivery schemes for urban distribution and aims to reduce last-mile transportation costs. This study proposes a literature review on the subject and a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation to solve small instances of the described problem. Moreover, a multi-step matheuristic based on a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) is also developed to solve larger instances. Finally, different distribution policies are studied to demonstrate the impact of grey areas, synchronization, and C2P stations on transportation costs.</p>

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The grey zone two-echelon vehicle routing problem with customer-to-parcel locations and synchronization for last-mile deliveries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Silva Russi Edgar Ricardo,
  • Labadie Nacima,
  • Prodhon Caroline

摘要

Due to the constant growth in urban population and the development of e-commerce, the demand for goods and transport of merchandise in densely populated areas have increased significantly. This often leads to traffic congestion, noise and environmental pollution. As a result, conventional vehicles can no longer access urban areas, encouraging multilevel distribution policies and favoring the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) which are capable of reducing the disruptive effects of last-mile distribution. We introduce the two-echelon vehicle routing problem with time windows, satellite synchronization, grey zones and covering options (2E-MTVRPTW-SS-GZ-CO) that incorporates relevant constraints encountered in last-mile logistics such as the inclusion of grey zones, time windows, spatial and temporal synchronization at satellites, multiple trips for second-level vehicles, and the deployment of Customer-to-Parcel (C2P) stations. This problem arises in the research of new sustainable delivery schemes for urban distribution and aims to reduce last-mile transportation costs. This study proposes a literature review on the subject and a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation to solve small instances of the described problem. Moreover, a multi-step matheuristic based on a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) is also developed to solve larger instances. Finally, different distribution policies are studied to demonstrate the impact of grey areas, synchronization, and C2P stations on transportation costs.