<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>r</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a positive integer, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> a nonnegative integer and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a domain. Further, for all multi-indices <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \in \mathbb{N}^{r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\alpha|\leq N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, let us consider the partial differential operator <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D^{\alpha}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> defined by <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="33" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="115" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D^{\alpha}= \frac{\partial^{|\alpha|}}{\partial x_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\cdots \partial x_{r}^{\alpha_{r}}},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>∂</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <msubsup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </msubsup> <mo>⋯</mo> <mi>∂</mi> <msubsup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="118" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha= (\alpha_{1}, \ldots, \alpha_{r})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Here, by definition, we mean <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D^{0}\equiv \mathrm{id}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msup> <mo>≡</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">id</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A straightforward computation shows that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="98" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f, g\in \mathscr{C}^{N}(\Omega)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi mathvariant="script">C</mi> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \in \mathbb{N}^{r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\alpha|\leq N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then we have <Equation ID="Equ1"> <EquationNumber>*</EquationNumber> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_Equ1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="50" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="276" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D^{\alpha}(f\cdot g) = \sum_{\beta\leq \alpha}\binom{\alpha}{\beta}D^{\beta}(f)\cdot D^{\alpha - \beta}(g).\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mfrac linethickness="0pt"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mfrac> </mfenced> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mi>β</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>·</mo> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>This paper is devoted to the study of the identity <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\ast)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>*</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the space <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathscr{C}(\Omega)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. More precisely, if <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="11" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(r\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>r</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a positive integer, <InlineEquation ID="IEq107"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a nonnegative integer and <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a domain, then we describe all mappings (not necessarily linear) that satisfy the identity <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\ast)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>*</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all possible multi-indices <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha\in \mathbb{N}^{r}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\alpha|\leq N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Our main result states that if the domain is <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="40" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathscr{C}(\Omega)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>,then the mappings in question take a particularly specific form. Related results for the space <InlineEquation ID="IEq23"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1540_Article_IEq23.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathscr{C}^{N}(\Omega)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi mathvariant="script">C</mi> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are also presented. </p>

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Operator relations characterizing higher-order differential operators

  • W. Fechner,
  • E. Gselmann,
  • A. Świątczak-Kolenda

摘要

Let \(r\) r be a positive integer, \(N\) N a nonnegative integer and \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{r}\) Ω R r be a domain. Further, for all multi-indices \(\alpha \in \mathbb{N}^{r}\) α N r , \(|\alpha|\leq N\) | α | N , let us consider the partial differential operator \(D^{\alpha}\) D α defined by \(D^{\alpha}= \frac{\partial^{|\alpha|}}{\partial x_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\cdots \partial x_{r}^{\alpha_{r}}},\) D α = | α | x 1 α 1 x r α r , where \(\alpha= (\alpha_{1}, \ldots, \alpha_{r})\) α = ( α 1 , , α r ) . Here, by definition, we mean \(D^{0}\equiv \mathrm{id}\) D 0 id . A straightforward computation shows that if \(f, g\in \mathscr{C}^{N}(\Omega)\) f , g C N ( Ω ) and \(\alpha \in \mathbb{N}^{r}\) α N r with \(|\alpha|\leq N\) | α | N , then we have * \(D^{\alpha}(f\cdot g) = \sum_{\beta\leq \alpha}\binom{\alpha}{\beta}D^{\beta}(f)\cdot D^{\alpha - \beta}(g).\) D α ( f · g ) = β α α β D β ( f ) · D α - β ( g ) . This paper is devoted to the study of the identity \((\ast)\) ( * ) in the space \(\mathscr{C}(\Omega)\) C ( Ω ) . More precisely, if \(r\) r is a positive integer, \(N\) N is a nonnegative integer and \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{r}\) Ω R r is a domain, then we describe all mappings (not necessarily linear) that satisfy the identity \((\ast)\) ( * ) for all possible multi-indices \(\alpha\in \mathbb{N}^{r}\) α N r , \(|\alpha|\leq N\) | α | N . Our main result states that if the domain is \(\mathscr{C}(\Omega)\) C ( Ω ) ,then the mappings in question take a particularly specific form. Related results for the space \(\mathscr{C}^{N}(\Omega)\) C N ( Ω ) are also presented.