<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( p \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>p</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a prime and let <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="148" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{D}=\{d_1, d_2, \dots, d_s\} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>s</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a subset of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="126" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \left \{ 1, 2, \dots, p-1 \right \} .\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfenced close="}" open="{"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>If <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{F} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">F</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a Hamming symmetric family of subsets of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\([n]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="158" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \lvert F \bigtriangleup F' \rvert ( \bmod \ p ) \in \mathcal{D} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>△</mo> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="188" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( n- \lvert F \bigtriangleup F' \rvert ( \bmod \ p ) \in \mathcal{D} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>△</mo> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for any pair of distinct <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( F \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>F</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( F' \in \mathcal{F} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">F</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then<Equation ID="Equa"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_Equa.gif" Format="GIF" Height="43" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="328" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\mathcal{F}| \leq {{n-1} \choose {s}}+ {{n-1} \choose {s-1}}+ \cdots + {{n-1} \choose {0}}.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mfrac linethickness="0pt"> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </mfrac> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mfrac linethickness="0pt"> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mfrac linethickness="0pt"> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mfrac> </mfenced> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>This result can be considered as a modular version of Hegedüs's Theorem [6] about Hamming symmetric families. We also improve the above upper bound on the size of Hamming symmetric families in the non-modular version when the size of any member of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10474_2025_1510_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{F} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">F</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is restricted. </p>

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Set systems with restricted symmetric sets of Hamming distances modulo a prime number

  • R. X. J. Liu

摘要

Let \( p \) p be a prime and let \( \mathcal{D}=\{d_1, d_2, \dots, d_s\} \) D = { d 1 , d 2 , , d s } be a subset of \( \left \{ 1, 2, \dots, p-1 \right \} .\) 1 , 2 , , p - 1 . If \( \mathcal{F} \) F is a Hamming symmetric family of subsets of \([n]\) [ n ] such that \( \lvert F \bigtriangleup F' \rvert ( \bmod \ p ) \in \mathcal{D} \) | F F | ( mod p ) D and \( n- \lvert F \bigtriangleup F' \rvert ( \bmod \ p ) \in \mathcal{D} \) n - | F F | ( mod p ) D for any pair of distinct \( F \) F , \( F' \in \mathcal{F} \) F F , then \(|\mathcal{F}| \leq {{n-1} \choose {s}}+ {{n-1} \choose {s-1}}+ \cdots + {{n-1} \choose {0}}.\) | F | n - 1 s + n - 1 s - 1 + + n - 1 0 . This result can be considered as a modular version of Hegedüs's Theorem [6] about Hamming symmetric families. We also improve the above upper bound on the size of Hamming symmetric families in the non-modular version when the size of any member of \( \mathcal{F} \) F is restricted.