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Abstract <p>This paper introduces an energy-efficient CMOS temperature sensor suitable for portable device applications. The sensor’s front-end circuitry produces a voltage complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) by passing the proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) current through a diode connected MOSFET. The voltage to frequency conversion is achieved with the help of frequency locked loop (FLL) technique comprises a charge pump, voltage controlled oscillator, and a subtractor. By introducing the charge pump in the feedback mechanism, which effectively compensates the process and voltage variations across different operating conditions. Conversion from frequency to digital output is achieved through an asynchronous counter with an on-chip oscillator. Hence, there is no requirement for an additional clock reference for digital calibration. The proposed design is realized in a 0.18 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m CMOS technology and attains a power usage of 983.2 nW at <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(27^\circ \text {C}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with a power supply of 0.5V. Furthermore, it obtains an inaccuracy of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pm 0.6^\circ \text {C}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> across -40 to <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(125^\circ \text {C}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> temperature range with an active area of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.019\hbox {mm}^{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Moreover, the designed sensor circuit offers a resolution of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.08^\circ \text {C}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with a figure of merit (FoM) of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1\,\hbox {pJ.K}^{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p> Graphic Abstract <p></p>

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A 0.5V Energy efficient compact CMOS temperature sensor with a resolution of \(0.08^\circ \text {C}\) for portable applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Chilaka Jayaram,
  • Patri Sreehari Rao

摘要

Abstract

This paper introduces an energy-efficient CMOS temperature sensor suitable for portable device applications. The sensor’s front-end circuitry produces a voltage complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) by passing the proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) current through a diode connected MOSFET. The voltage to frequency conversion is achieved with the help of frequency locked loop (FLL) technique comprises a charge pump, voltage controlled oscillator, and a subtractor. By introducing the charge pump in the feedback mechanism, which effectively compensates the process and voltage variations across different operating conditions. Conversion from frequency to digital output is achieved through an asynchronous counter with an on-chip oscillator. Hence, there is no requirement for an additional clock reference for digital calibration. The proposed design is realized in a 0.18 \(\mu\) m CMOS technology and attains a power usage of 983.2 nW at \(27^\circ \text {C}\) with a power supply of 0.5V. Furthermore, it obtains an inaccuracy of \(\pm 0.6^\circ \text {C}\) across -40 to \(125^\circ \text {C}\) temperature range with an active area of \(0.019\hbox {mm}^{2}\) . Moreover, the designed sensor circuit offers a resolution of \(0.08^\circ \text {C}\) with a figure of merit (FoM) of \(1\,\hbox {pJ.K}^{2}\) .

Graphic Abstract