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<p>Wearable biomedical applications, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors, have begun to employ Butterworth filters as anti-aliasing filters. In both analog and mixed-signal circuits, the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) plays an essential role. Nevertheless, higher-order filters realized via OTA-based active filters consume more power due to the improved amount of active devices required. Additionally, at lower technology nodes, the leakage currents of conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors are higher than those of fin-shaped field-effect transistors (FinFETs). This work proposes new fully differential Butterworth filters (FDBFs) that use FinFET technology and are based on multiple input and multiple output dynamic threshold OTA (MIMO-DT-OTA). One inverter-based OTA and five MIMO-DT-OTAs are cascaded to create an FDB-LPF, or fully differential Butterworth Low pass filter. A universal Butterworth filter (UBF) with five unity gain filtering functions, an all-pass function (APF), low-pass function (LPF), band-pass function (BPF), a high-pass function (HPF), and a band-stop function (BSF) was built to further illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed MIMO-DT-OTA. With a power consumption of 43 nW at 0.5&#xa0;V supply voltage, the proposed universal filter is constructed utilizing 14&#xa0;nm FinFET technology. In addition, for a sine input signal up to 300&#xa0;mV&#xa0;pp, the proposed filter drops the total harmonic distortion (THD) below 1%.</p>

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FinFET-based fully differential Butterworth filter using a multiple-input dynamic threshold OTA for low-power biomedical signal processing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • M. Venkata Sudhakar,
  • Y. Ravi Sankaraiah,
  • B. Bhaskar Reddy,
  • P. Raghava Reddy

摘要

Wearable biomedical applications, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors, have begun to employ Butterworth filters as anti-aliasing filters. In both analog and mixed-signal circuits, the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) plays an essential role. Nevertheless, higher-order filters realized via OTA-based active filters consume more power due to the improved amount of active devices required. Additionally, at lower technology nodes, the leakage currents of conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors are higher than those of fin-shaped field-effect transistors (FinFETs). This work proposes new fully differential Butterworth filters (FDBFs) that use FinFET technology and are based on multiple input and multiple output dynamic threshold OTA (MIMO-DT-OTA). One inverter-based OTA and five MIMO-DT-OTAs are cascaded to create an FDB-LPF, or fully differential Butterworth Low pass filter. A universal Butterworth filter (UBF) with five unity gain filtering functions, an all-pass function (APF), low-pass function (LPF), band-pass function (BPF), a high-pass function (HPF), and a band-stop function (BSF) was built to further illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed MIMO-DT-OTA. With a power consumption of 43 nW at 0.5 V supply voltage, the proposed universal filter is constructed utilizing 14 nm FinFET technology. In addition, for a sine input signal up to 300 mV pp, the proposed filter drops the total harmonic distortion (THD) below 1%.