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<p>The proposed work addresses the challenge of achieving a wide bandwidth and high gain with patch-size miniaturization for wireless applications. The design includes coplanar parasitic patches (CPP), a partially reflection surface (PRS) as superstrate, and a reactive impedance surface (RIS)-based ground plane. Initially, a wide impedance bandwidth is achieved by placing CPP around the patch antenna. The geometry of the CPP is chosen as a square which makes less sensitive to the polarization of the incident wave. Further, the ground plane is replaced with a array of square RIS to reduce antenna size and suppress coupling with the substrate also it helps to balance the design flexibility. To further enhance antenna gain in the wide impedance bandwidth range, the ring slot loaded array of PRS is introduced. It helps achieve consistent reflection or transmission phase and amplitude for both TE and TM waves. The simulation and measurement results match well for the proposed antenna. The overall physical size of the antenna is 70<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>70 mm<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^2\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In the proposed work, the reference patch antenna resonates at 3.75 GHz with a gain of 7.8 dBi. By introducing the CPP into the reference antenna, the bandwidth is increased by 21.5% (3.58–4.44 GHz). Furthermore, the RIS-based ground plane reduces the antenna size by 57.8% compared to the reference antenna, which resonates at 2.17 GHz with a maximum gain of around 6.5 dBi. The combination of a patch antenna, CPP, and an RIS-based ground plane results in a − 10 dB impedance bandwidth increased by 41.5% (2.36–3.5 GHz) and a realized gain of approximately 6.55 dBi. Furthermore, the gain is enhanced by 7.4 dBi compared to the reference antenna, reaching a maximum of 14.1 dBi by introducing the PRS superstrate over the patch antenna without compromising the antenna bandwidth. The experimental validation confirmed the feasibility of the proposed antenna as a miniaturized, wide-bandwidth, high-gain hybrid patch antenna (HPA) which is useful for modern wireless applications such as (WiFi, IoT, WLAN, 5G sub-6 GHz).</p>

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Miniaturization of patch antenna with bandwidth and gain enhancement using coplanar parasitic, reactive impedance, and partially reflecting surfaces for sub-6GHz 5G applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Husna Khouser G,
  • Abhijit Bhowmick,
  • Kishore Thakre,
  • Yogesh Kumar Choukiker

摘要

The proposed work addresses the challenge of achieving a wide bandwidth and high gain with patch-size miniaturization for wireless applications. The design includes coplanar parasitic patches (CPP), a partially reflection surface (PRS) as superstrate, and a reactive impedance surface (RIS)-based ground plane. Initially, a wide impedance bandwidth is achieved by placing CPP around the patch antenna. The geometry of the CPP is chosen as a square which makes less sensitive to the polarization of the incident wave. Further, the ground plane is replaced with a array of square RIS to reduce antenna size and suppress coupling with the substrate also it helps to balance the design flexibility. To further enhance antenna gain in the wide impedance bandwidth range, the ring slot loaded array of PRS is introduced. It helps achieve consistent reflection or transmission phase and amplitude for both TE and TM waves. The simulation and measurement results match well for the proposed antenna. The overall physical size of the antenna is 70 \(\times\) 70 mm \(^2\) . In the proposed work, the reference patch antenna resonates at 3.75 GHz with a gain of 7.8 dBi. By introducing the CPP into the reference antenna, the bandwidth is increased by 21.5% (3.58–4.44 GHz). Furthermore, the RIS-based ground plane reduces the antenna size by 57.8% compared to the reference antenna, which resonates at 2.17 GHz with a maximum gain of around 6.5 dBi. The combination of a patch antenna, CPP, and an RIS-based ground plane results in a − 10 dB impedance bandwidth increased by 41.5% (2.36–3.5 GHz) and a realized gain of approximately 6.55 dBi. Furthermore, the gain is enhanced by 7.4 dBi compared to the reference antenna, reaching a maximum of 14.1 dBi by introducing the PRS superstrate over the patch antenna without compromising the antenna bandwidth. The experimental validation confirmed the feasibility of the proposed antenna as a miniaturized, wide-bandwidth, high-gain hybrid patch antenna (HPA) which is useful for modern wireless applications such as (WiFi, IoT, WLAN, 5G sub-6 GHz).