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<p>This manuscript explores the development of a quad-port Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna featuring reconfigurable grounds tailored for 5G NR n77/n79 and X-band applications, utilizing PIN diodes. The research begins with the evolution of a single unit Ultra Wideband antenna, which is subsequently expanded to a reconfigurable grounds 2 × 2 MIMO antenna controlled by a single PIN diode. Further to a reconfigurable grounds 4 × 4 MIMO antenna managed by four PIN diodes. This work is innovative in its approach, as it examines and designs MIMO antennas that can switch between unconnected and connected ground states through reconfiguration techniques. This MIMO antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate, with dimensions of 0.597λ<sub>0</sub> × 0.448λ<sub>0</sub> × 0.0171λ<sub>0</sub> mm<sup>3</sup>, where λ<sub>0</sub> is determined based on the lowest resonating frequency. It operates across a frequency range of 3.2–12&#xa0;GHz with connected grounds. In the majority of the band the designs show mutual coupling  ≤  − 15&#xa0;dB. The performance is assessed at every stage and graphs are compared for both unconnected and connected grounds. The inferences are included on all the metrics like gain, isolation, efficiency, radiation patterns, S-parameters, Mean Effective Gain, Channel Capacity Loss, Diversity Gain, Envelope Correlation Coefficient, and Total Active Reflection Coefficient. The stub introduced to connect the grounds itself act as an efficient decoupling network. The printed MIMO performance results are matches with simulated results. This work has 5G wireless applications including RF energy harvesting and cognitive radio.</p>

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Insights of quad port MIMO antenna for 5G NR n77/n79 to X-bands with reconfigurable grounds using PIN diodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月18日

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  • Gayatri Tangirala,
  • Srinivasu Garikipati,
  • Manikya Krishna Chaitanya Durbhakula,
  • Virendra Kumar Sharma

摘要

This manuscript explores the development of a quad-port Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna featuring reconfigurable grounds tailored for 5G NR n77/n79 and X-band applications, utilizing PIN diodes. The research begins with the evolution of a single unit Ultra Wideband antenna, which is subsequently expanded to a reconfigurable grounds 2 × 2 MIMO antenna controlled by a single PIN diode. Further to a reconfigurable grounds 4 × 4 MIMO antenna managed by four PIN diodes. This work is innovative in its approach, as it examines and designs MIMO antennas that can switch between unconnected and connected ground states through reconfiguration techniques. This MIMO antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate, with dimensions of 0.597λ0 × 0.448λ0 × 0.0171λ0 mm3, where λ0 is determined based on the lowest resonating frequency. It operates across a frequency range of 3.2–12 GHz with connected grounds. In the majority of the band the designs show mutual coupling  ≤  − 15 dB. The performance is assessed at every stage and graphs are compared for both unconnected and connected grounds. The inferences are included on all the metrics like gain, isolation, efficiency, radiation patterns, S-parameters, Mean Effective Gain, Channel Capacity Loss, Diversity Gain, Envelope Correlation Coefficient, and Total Active Reflection Coefficient. The stub introduced to connect the grounds itself act as an efficient decoupling network. The printed MIMO performance results are matches with simulated results. This work has 5G wireless applications including RF energy harvesting and cognitive radio.