<p>This study empirically examined food assistance models in high-income countries, categorised them into seven main types and developed a typology informed by Resource Dependence Theory. Drawing on fifty qualitative interviews with food assistance providers across multiple countries, the study compared models, focusing on recipient dignity, agency, and the model’s capacity to address chronic food insecurity. While many models remained centred on short-term relief, progressive models extended beyond food provision by addressing root causes of food insecurity and promoting pathways out of precarity. These models highlight the value of integrated approaches that combine food with social supports, services, empowerment opportunities, and community connection. By framing food assistance as a strategic enterprise shaped by resource constraints and interdependencies, this research offers a novel lens for understanding organizational sustainability and positioning within broader welfare and market systems. The typology fills a critical research-practice gap, offering practitioners and policymakers a tool to assess, adapt and evolve service models. This contribution has transformative potential by enabling a shift in sector-wide practice and policy – to transition from short-term food relief towards more effective, dignified and sustainable approaches, ultimately improving food security outcomes.</p>