A digital environmental regulation in agriculture: satellite data, crop farming, and the Nitrate Directive in France
摘要
This article focuses on the regulatory use of digital technologies in agriculture to mitigate water pollution caused by farming practices. Initially designed to optimize fertilization practices in France, satellite data and advising tools have gradually been promoted, sold, and used as technical intermediaries to help farmers comply with the Nitrate Directive. At the crossroads of the sociology of digital agriculture, environmental studies, and STS, this article analyzes the impacts of this digital intermediation on the regulation and contributes to academic debates on the engagement of digital agriculture with the environment, and on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) greening. Studying both the design and the uses of the FARMSTAR consulting service among scientists, businesses, and crop farmers in France through interviews and observations, the article shows that digitization opens up legal by-passes into the regulation: farmers equipped with this satellite data can justify fertilization practices that circumvent the environmental law and prioritize their production goals aligned with agro-industries. This opens new research questions about the deregulatory capacities developed by dominant actors through digitization, and on the way industries weaken environmental regulation through a strategic use of science.