<p>This study aims to critically examine the status, sustainability, and changing perceptions of shifting cultivation in Northeast India. A systematic review methodology was adopted, drawing on literature published between 2005 and 2025 from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Following PRISMA guidelines, 103 relevant studies were selected and analysed to provide an integrative understanding of ecological, socio-economic, and cultural dimensions. The findings indicate a general decline in the area under shifting cultivation across the region, with significant state-wise variations. While traditionally sustainable under long fallow cycles, increasing population pressure, land-use conflicts, and policy interventions have shortened these cycles, leading to reduced soil fertility, productivity, and ecological resilience. However, the review highlights that shifting cultivation continues to support biodiversity, carbon sequestration, food security, and cultural identity. The study also reveals polarized perspectives, with policy narratives often portraying Jhum as unsustainable, whereas empirical evidence underscores its adaptive and resilient nature when properly managed. The study concludes that eliminating shifting cultivation is neither feasible nor desirable. Instead, enhancing its sustainability through participatory approaches, integration of indigenous knowledge with scientific practices, and livelihood diversification is essential for long-term ecological and socio-economic resilience.</p>