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<p>Agroforestry systems offer sustainable intensification opportunities, yet soil–plant-quality interactions remain poorly understood. This study investigated soil property dynamics and stevioside content in <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> Bertoni under teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i>) based agroforestry with three plant spacings (S1: 45 × 45&#xa0;cm, S2: 30 × 30&#xa0;cm, S3: 20 × 20&#xa0;cm) and eight organic manure treatments (M0: Control, M1: Vermicompost, M2: FYM, M3: Poultry manure, M4: FYM + Vermicompost, M5: FYM + Poultry, M6: Vermicompost + Poultry, M7: FYM + Vermicompost + Poultry). Soil samples were collected from three depths (0–15, 15–30, 31–45&#xa0;cm) and analyzed for pH, EC, N, P, K, and organic carbon over two years (2022–2023). Stevioside concentration was determined at 3rd, 4th and 5th months of transplanting. Significant three-way interactions (spacing × manure × depth) were found for all the soil properties (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Soil nutrients were clearly depth stratified; the surface layers contained 45–60% more nutrients. Combined manure application with integrated (M7) along with wider spacing (S1) was found to be the best combination for soil fertility indices (0.65 SFI) and stevioside content (13.60%). The maximum amount of stevioside was obtained at harvest time at the 3rd month in each treatment and by the 5th month it had decreased by 28.7%. Principal component analysis indicated that organic carbon and nitrogen had direct relationships with stevioside accumulation (r = 0.78, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). These results indicate that suitable spacing-manuring combination could be used to enhance the soil health and bioactive compound production in agroforestry systems, with implications for sustainable <i>S. rebaudiana</i> cultivation.</p>

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Effects of plant spacing and organic amendments on depth stratified soil nutrient dynamics and stevioside accumulation patterns in Stevia rebaudiana under teak-based agroforestry system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Dheer Agnihotri,
  • Samiksha Parihar,
  • Hari Om Saxena,
  • Ganesh Pawar,
  • K. S. Shashidhar,
  • Makhan Singh Karada,
  • Alok Kumar Singh,
  • Bipin Kumar Singh,
  • Anil Kumar Yadav,
  • Nipun Silawat

摘要

Agroforestry systems offer sustainable intensification opportunities, yet soil–plant-quality interactions remain poorly understood. This study investigated soil property dynamics and stevioside content in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni under teak (Tectona grandis) based agroforestry with three plant spacings (S1: 45 × 45 cm, S2: 30 × 30 cm, S3: 20 × 20 cm) and eight organic manure treatments (M0: Control, M1: Vermicompost, M2: FYM, M3: Poultry manure, M4: FYM + Vermicompost, M5: FYM + Poultry, M6: Vermicompost + Poultry, M7: FYM + Vermicompost + Poultry). Soil samples were collected from three depths (0–15, 15–30, 31–45 cm) and analyzed for pH, EC, N, P, K, and organic carbon over two years (2022–2023). Stevioside concentration was determined at 3rd, 4th and 5th months of transplanting. Significant three-way interactions (spacing × manure × depth) were found for all the soil properties (p < 0.001). Soil nutrients were clearly depth stratified; the surface layers contained 45–60% more nutrients. Combined manure application with integrated (M7) along with wider spacing (S1) was found to be the best combination for soil fertility indices (0.65 SFI) and stevioside content (13.60%). The maximum amount of stevioside was obtained at harvest time at the 3rd month in each treatment and by the 5th month it had decreased by 28.7%. Principal component analysis indicated that organic carbon and nitrogen had direct relationships with stevioside accumulation (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). These results indicate that suitable spacing-manuring combination could be used to enhance the soil health and bioactive compound production in agroforestry systems, with implications for sustainable S. rebaudiana cultivation.