<p>Shifting cultivation, a traditional land management practice akin to sequential agroforestry, has been employed by Indigenous communities in Africa for centuries. Shifting cultivation, a traditional land management system analogous to sequential agroforestry, has been practiced for centuries by Indigenous communities in Africa. Despite its enduring presence and significant influence on African landscapes and livelihoods, a synthesized understanding of its complex and often contrasting effects on biodiversity, soil health, hydrological systems, and socio-economic conditions across diverse African contexts remains limited. This review synthesizes 132 peer-reviewed articles to comprehensively examine shifting cultivation in Sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on its historical evolution, multifaceted impacts, and ongoing transformation. The practice involves the cultivation of over 16 crops, with cassava, maize, and beans being most prevalent, typically for 2 to 4&#xa0;years, followed by fallow periods of 6 to 8&#xa0;years. While shifting cultivation can have detrimental effects on vegetation diversity, soil health, and microbial communities due to repeated burning cycles, it also offers potential for ecological restoration with adequate fallow periods. The impacts on biomass and soil carbon stocks are complex, with recovery rates varying by region. Additionally, shifting cultivation affects wildlife diversity, particularly among birds, termites, rodents, and reptiles, presenting both challenges and opportunities for recovery. Hydrological changes associated with this practice are also explored. As a vital component of local livelihoods, food security, and cultural identity, shifting cultivation can be adapted to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits. This review highlights the need for further research to develop sustainable shifting cultivation practices that balance productivity, social equity, and environmental well-being, aligning with evolving agroforestry principles.</p>