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<p>Indoor air is an important yet understudied reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), posing potential risks as people spend 90% of their time indoors. Bioaerosols containing multidrug-resistant organisms contribute to respiratory issue, but environmental sources such as air conditioner (AC) dust remain poorly characterized. This study examined the presence of bacteria (ESKAPEE) pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in AC dust, indoor air and sputum samples from occupants of such indoor spaces within seven faculties at Redeemer’s University, Nigeria. A total of 105 samples were analysed using standard microbiological identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and PCR screening for ARGs and resistance-related genes (<i>intl1, blaTEM, gyrA, tetA, tetG, mphA</i>). Overall, 59% of isolates were ESKAPEE pathogens, dominated by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (51.1%) and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (33.3%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 83.3% (150/180) of ESKAPEE isolates, while tetracycline and ampicillin are the most resisted antibiotics. Three ARGs—<i>intl1, tetA and gyrA</i>—were detected in both dust and sputum isolates. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) exceeded 70%, indicating high-risk contamination, although non-carcinogenic risk assessment suggested low immediate health risk. The findings highlight AC filters as valuable surveillance points for tracking indoor AMR dissemination and monitoring multidrug-resistant pathogens in indoor environments.</p>

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Antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in air condition dust and sputum from occupants of indoor spaces in Redeemer’s University

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • Moyosoreoluwa O. Abegunde,
  • Adebare I. Ademisoye,
  • Victor O. Abakpa,
  • Olumuyiwa O. Ogunlaja,
  • Olumide David Olukanni,
  • Aemere Ogunlaja

摘要

Indoor air is an important yet understudied reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), posing potential risks as people spend 90% of their time indoors. Bioaerosols containing multidrug-resistant organisms contribute to respiratory issue, but environmental sources such as air conditioner (AC) dust remain poorly characterized. This study examined the presence of bacteria (ESKAPEE) pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in AC dust, indoor air and sputum samples from occupants of such indoor spaces within seven faculties at Redeemer’s University, Nigeria. A total of 105 samples were analysed using standard microbiological identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and PCR screening for ARGs and resistance-related genes (intl1, blaTEM, gyrA, tetA, tetG, mphA). Overall, 59% of isolates were ESKAPEE pathogens, dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (51.1%) and Enterococcus faecium (33.3%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 83.3% (150/180) of ESKAPEE isolates, while tetracycline and ampicillin are the most resisted antibiotics. Three ARGs—intl1, tetA and gyrA—were detected in both dust and sputum isolates. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) exceeded 70%, indicating high-risk contamination, although non-carcinogenic risk assessment suggested low immediate health risk. The findings highlight AC filters as valuable surveillance points for tracking indoor AMR dissemination and monitoring multidrug-resistant pathogens in indoor environments.